The Deadly Disease Tuberculosis - 1069 Words

Athena Rupp Rupp, 1 Mrs.Woo English 1, Period 7 13 February 2017 The Deadly Disease: Tuberculosis A nightmare of no modern medication for tuberculosis had dawned on varieties of people since the deadly disease can spread quickly around thousands of people. The deaths to this infectious bacteria have caused people to question the real known facts of tuberculosis. The bacteria called mycobacterium has scared thousands of people to the point where they can’t even think what happens to people with this disease beyond their country borders. Tuberculosis is a pervasive disease caused by just one cough or sneeze, sending you straight to the hospital and fighting for you’re life to be treated. Common in†¦show more content†¦Finding it early and finding it late can be a great deal when looking at the various symptoms of tuberculosis. Depending on what type of TB you are; secondary or active tuberculosis multiple symptoms can vary depending on how it spreads through your body. Typically, people with tuberculosis can’t honestly notice if they have TB which leads to major costly operations or death. If they do, it usually starts with a blood-tinged cough or pain in the chest. The blood-tinged cough can also be chronic (constant) and the pain in the chest can be felt simply through just breathing. Throughout the whole body, the most common symptoms can be, chills, fatigue, fever, sweating or sweating of muscles, loss of appetite etc. These common symptoms most likely are depicted as natural occurrences of the body, which is why it is truly not known when you have TB. Although if it occurs too often you can notice it instantly as long as you pay attention to th e way your body feels. Along with the outside of the body, the inside of the body can be affected; specifically organs. The most commonly affected organs are the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are most commonlyShow MoreRelatedTuberculosis : An Antique, Deadly Infectious Disease Caused By The Bacterium Baccilus Mycobacterium Tuberculosis12071 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Tuberculosis is an antique, deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium baccilus Mycobacterium tuberculosis1. In 2014, a DNA reconstruction study of tuberculosis genome suggested that human tuberculosis is much younger than what was initially thought2. Rather than tracing its origins back to more than 10,000 years ago3,4, this study speculated the origins of human tuberculosis to be around 6,000 years ago2. The first archaeological records of tuberculosis can be traced back toRead MoreAn Analysis Of Invictus, By William Earnest Henley1525 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Invictus† by William Earnest Henley is a short poem about being courageous through hardships, and holding on to your pride despite life trying to take it away. William Earnest Henley wrote this poem at a young age while struggling with a severe deadly disease. The theme, speaker, and symbolism all create a powerful message that is summed up in one word: Invictus, the Latin word for â€Å"unconquerable.† The main theme of this poem is staying strong through hardships, and to hold on to your pride despiteRead MoreEssay on History of Tuberculosis1494 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Tuberculosis Abstract This paper discusses the historical aspect of the fatal and contagious disease now known as tuberculosis. It discusses the history of Tuberculosis beginning with Ancient Egyptian mummies to the most current discovery of TB. Greek philosopher such as Hippocrates and Plato observed the first cases of tuberculosis. They are two out of the many people that gradually discovered the TB out of the many. It talks about the different remedies that different philosophersRead MoreTuberculosis As A Infectious Disease1339 Words   |  6 PagesTuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease that can harm any organ of the body, especially the lungs. Every year about over a million people die due to tuberculosis and even more are infected. A person in contact with an infected individual can easily put themselves at risks of getting TB. Due to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis infections commenced to increment more rapidly. A person with HIV has an impotent immune system which is not able to fight infectionsRead MoreEpidemiology.Research. Tuberculosis1560 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Tuberculosis _ Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Concepts in Community Public Health NRS427V November14, 2013 Tuberculosis _Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Communicable diseases occurs in every country regardless of urban, rural, or with socio economical diversities. In order to help in prevention and control of communicable diseases, locally, nationally and globally, nurses who are working with the public health system , mustRead MoreTuberculosis As A Infectious Disease1329 Words   |  6 PagesTuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease that can harm any organ of the body, especially the lungs. Every year about over a million people die due to tuberculosis and even more are infected. A person in contact with an infected individual can easily put themselves at risks of getting TB. Due to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis infections began to increase more rapidly. A person with HIV has a weak immune system which is not able to fight infectionsRead MorePulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) Infection1307 Words   |  5 PagesTuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by a bacterial infection. Around 40% of people who have active TB disease have the infection in another part of their body. It can affect several organs of the human body, including the lymph glands, brain, spine, kidneys, or other organ, but it predominately establishes itself in the lungs where it is called Pulmonary TB. Researchers have calculated that in 2012, 8.6 million people fe ll ill with TB and 1.3 million died from TB. â€Å"Tuberculosis is secondRead MoreThe And Treatment Of Tuberculosis1111 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent findings from other countries regarding the diagnoses and treatment of Tuberculosis (â€Å"TB†). In Cambodia many TB cases go undetected or untreated, and insufficient information is being distributed to the citizens, especially those living in rural areas. This project aims to address the causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment of TB so that the general population will have a better understanding of this deadly disease. The project will also inform community personnel—such as nuns, monks and otherRead MoreDr. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesDesmond Tutu is a survivor of the deadly disease known as, Tuberculosis. According to the CDC, â€Å"One third of the world’s population is infected with TB† . A staggering number, but the amount of deaths from TB is even more astonishing,  "1.8 million deaths in 2015† (Center for Disease Control). Most people get confused with what exactly tuberculosis even is, whether people say it’s like the flu or bronchitis, but it’s something truly life threatening. Tuberculosis is not exclusive to only one raceRead More Tuberculosis: Prevalent and Deadly Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesTuberculosis (TB) is a very prevalent, very contagious, and very deadly disease worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control, one third of the population is infected with TB. (Centers for Disease Control Data and statistics) While less common than it has ever been, tuberculosis has seen an upsurge in the last three decades directly related to the AIDS epidemic, but also as a result of the development of many multi-drug-resistant strains. This is of particular concern in developing nations

Loss of Companionship in Frankenstein - 1300 Words

Frankenstein The story of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is a British literature classic. It has become so famous because of how clearly its messages transcend through time and highlight problems that the reader has in their own life. The greatest theme from Frankenstein is the need for friends or companionship, and the loss of these necessities. Readers of the book will notice that this message stands out to them because everyone has had to deal with being an outcast at some point in their life. Several of the characters throughout the novel have overcome this outcast adversity, however they all revolve around Victor Frankenstein either entering or leaving their lives. The first example of the lack of friendship is portrayed when Robert†¦show more content†¦Henry wished to join Victor in his studies at Ingolstadt but his father would hear none of him leaving the family business and would not permit him to attend the college. So while there alone, Victor goes slightly mad and only the pres ence of Henry brings him slightly back towards sanity. At the unexpected sight of Clerval visiting him Nothing could equal my delight on seeing Clerval; his presence brought back to my thoughts... of home so dear to my recollection, I grasped his hand and in a moment forgot my horror and misfortune (37). It is obvious from this quote that Victor is extremely good friends with Henry and even his outlook on life can be altered by the mere presence of Henry. It is vital to know of this close bond later in the story when Frankenstein is holding up the end of his bargain made with the monster by fabricating a bride. Once Frankenstein changes his mind about creating her and dumps the parts into the ocean, the monster goes into a rage and, like he killed all his other victims, strangled Henry Clerval. When Victor is informed of this treachery, he goes into tremors and exhibits manic behavior. At the sight of his body I gasped for breath; and, throwing myself onto the body... The human fr ame could no longer support the agonies that I endured, and I was carried out of the room in strong convulsionsShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein1112 Words   |  5 Pagesas a reflection of context. The capacity of thematic concerns to transcend time are manifested within Mary Shelley s 19th century gothic novel Frankenstein (1818) and Ridley Scott s dystopian science fiction film Blade Runner (1992) as both pose markedly similar existentialist discourses regarding the fate of humanity. Through Frankenstein , Shelley s romantic approach condemns humanity s intrusive assumption as creator during an era where scientific hubris prompted people to abandonRead MoreMary Shellys Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts Blade Runner935 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Frankenstein† composed by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Blade Runner† directed by Ridley Scott Propose two of the most paramount science fiction stories as they don’t just pursue the logic of technological futurism but also pre sent us with ideas about our humanity. Catalysed by their powerful contexts, both texts represent their common ideas, themes and values allowing us to fully appreciate their significance which continue to resonate throughout time. Despite being composed at different times, both FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreThe Duality of Man: Connections Between Victor and the Monster in Frankenstein1631 Words   |  7 Pages The classic gothic novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley details the relationship between two significant figures, Victor Frankenstein, and his unnamed monster. The critical relationship between such characters causes many literary critics to compose the idea that they are bound by nature – inadvertently becoming a single central figure (Spark). This provides provoking thoughts on the duality of mankind, revealing the wickedness of human nature. The role of the monster as an alter ego to Victor isRead More Comparison between Characters of Frankenstein Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesComparison between Characters of Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley combines three separate stories involving three different characters--Walton, Victor, and Frankensteins monster. Though the reader is hearing the stories through Waltons perspective, Walton strives for accuracy in relating the details, as he says, I have resolved every night,...to record, as nearly as possible in his [Victors] own words, what he has related during the day (Shelley 37). Shelleys shift inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Frankenstein And A Rose For Emily 1677 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Perez 10/26/15 St. Peter’s ENG 1B Frank Rose In the stories Frankenstein and â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† both the monster and Emily Grierson are isolated from society and long for a connection with another being. Each of them has had a unique experience, with a similar chronology to each other, which would result in having the same desire for affection. Their experiences start with a type of action which places a gap between them and society. This results in the monster and Emily being isolated;Read MoreTheme Of Injustice In Frankenstein961 Words   |  4 PagesMary Shelley’s literary masterpiece Frankenstein relates the story of Victor Frankenstein and his unnatural creation, told in three distinct narratives, that eventually leads to Frankenstein’s disastrous end. One narrative in particular, that of Frankenstein’s creation’s, highlights the creature’s conversion into a true monster rather than an almost human being as a result of a terrible injustice upon him. The access to his narra tive allows for a deeper understanding of the creature’s very natureRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Essays1528 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is a Gothic novel that contains two genres, science fiction and Gothicism. The novel is a first person narrative that uses a framing technique, where a story is told within a story. Shelley gives the book a distinctive gothic mood tone by the use of her chosen setting which is dark and gloomy, by doing this it reflects the hideousness of the creature; the point of views helps towards the realism of the novel; and characterization able the reader to interact withRead MoreIsolation in Frankenstein1174 Words   |  5 Pagesoutcomes on a person, such as depression and loneliness. This is shown in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† through the monster, Victor Frankenstein, and Robert Walton. Mary Shelley often uses the narrative style of writing to show the devastating effects of isolation, from society, on individuals. Throughout this novel Shelley shows us what alienation can do to a person. All of the outcomes that we see in â€Å"Frankenstein† are negative, whether it is on the individual themselves, or on loved ones. When ElizabethRead MoreBipolar Frankenstein994 Words   |  4 Pagesof Victor Frankenstein, and some who read Frankenstein, may think that he is insane. It is true in the facts that he does have emotional outbursts at random times, which leads one to believe so. But in fact Frankenstein is bipolar. Bipolar disorder is when you are unable to control yours actions, whether they are manic or depressive. Frankenstein experiences drastic changes in mood, which can be clinically diagnosed as bipolar disorder. The severe mood changes that Victor Frankenstein experiences

Neville Brody Essay Example For Students

Neville Brody Essay Neville Brody is an internationally known British graphic designer and typographer, who is best known for his work on magazines, most notably The Face. This magazine transformed the way in which designers and readers approach typography and layout. In addition to his magazine work, he designed record covers for such independent record companies as Fetish, Hannibal, and Phonogram Records in the 1980s. Along with his other work, Brody created a vast amount of type faces throughout his career. A few of these types are Arcadia, Industria, and Insignia. Brody was born in 1957 and grew up in Southgate, which is a suburb of North London. He commented that he does not remember a time in his life when he was planning to do anything other than art or painting. In 1975, Brody attended the Fine Art Foundation Program at Hornsey College of Art. The school was extremely conservative and at this time Brody decided to pursue a career in graphics instead of the Fine Arts. He says why cant you take a painterly approach within a printed medium? In the autumn of 1976, Brody started a three-year BA course in graphics at the London College of Printing. Brody says he hated his time there, but that it was necessary to his development as a designer. I wanted to communicate to as many people as possible, but also to make a popular form of art that was more personal and less manipulative. I had to find out more about how the process worked. The only way possible was to go to college and learn it, His work was often considered too experimental. At one stage he was almost thrown out of the school for putting the Queens head sideways on the design of a postage stamp. If tutors said they liked something I was doing, I would go away and change it, because such approval then made me think there must be something wrong with the work. I think that was a very positive and healthy attitude. Brodys attitude on computers has changed a lot since he first started using them. His view had been that if you could do something by hand, you should not use a machine. In 1987, Brody forced himself to play around with a friends computer. He says learning to use the Macintosh computer was a slow process. But in the end Brody acquired his skills with the mouse by playing a game called Crystal Quest for hours, instead of working. He realized all the ways that he could manipulate his work on a computer that he absolutely could not have done any other way. Although he still believes that hands on experience is definitely necessary, he realizes that computers open up a whole avenue that would not be possible without their development. Dadaism and pop art have largely influenced Brodys work. Although he says he never sought to copy these styles, he took from them a sense of dynamism and humanism and a non-acceptance of the traditional rules and values of art. These elements can be seen in Brodys typefaces, which are have a very original and expressive design. All along the line, Neville Brody has tried to create and use typefaces that go against the grain of contemporary fashion. Others that have influenced Brody are Man Ray and Lazlo Maholy-Lazlos photography. Both of these men were able to stretch the limits of their fields, by inventing and manipulating techniques as never before. After his graduation, in the late 1970s, Brody began to design record covers for British punk music companies such as Fetish and Hannibal. The punk music scene then was more concerned with the ideas behind the music than with the actual music. .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 , .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 .postImageUrl , .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 , .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460:hover , .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460:visited , .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460:active { border:0!important; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460:active , .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460 .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f781fd3089cc1c1635b56ea669a7460:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Perspective Construction of Masaccio's "Trinity" Fresco and Medieval Astronomical Graphics EssayBrodys outrageous cover designs were readily accepted by these companies. Cabaret Voltaire and 23 Skiddo were two bands that he worked extensively for on album covers. In 1981, Brody began working for a magazine called The Face. During this time he questioned the traditional structure of magazine design. Why be inhibited by the edges of the page? says Brody. His main concerns were to encourage people to have to look twice at a page and to make the magazine as visually interesting as possible. Brody worked at The Face until 1986. Brody also worked with City Limits and New Socialist, both 1980s magazines out of London. Brody became well known around the world in 1988, when his biography was published and he displayed his work in several large art exhibitions. There was a period between 1987 and 1990, when Brody was working for the magazine Arena, when he designed mostly minimalistic non-decorative typefaces. Brody felt his work had been ripped off too much. As a result of this he did not want to make anymore new statements what-so-ever. He began to create simple fonts and avoided creating anything too exotic for a period of time. Since 1987 Brody has had his own London studio. He found that overseas clients were more supportive of his work intentions to embrace the potential of the computer and to provide companies with the templates that they wanted from his own studio. Commissions from Haus der Kulturen der Welt Berlin, Mens Bigi and Parco in Japan, and the opportunity to design postage stamps for the Dutch PTT were followed by two major television graphics projects. The transition to working with electronic images was reflected by Brodys involvement with digital type. In 1990 he opened FontWorks with a coligue named Stuart Jenson. Neville Brody became the director of FontShop International, with whom he launched the experimental type magazine called FUSE. Neville Brody has not only changed the world of typography, but that of graphic design as well. His ideas of creating typefaces that are more concerned with being graphically oriented, rather than contemporary or simply readable, have affected both typography and graphic design.

Small Business Environment in Kenya

Introduction Geographically, Kenya lies to the East of Uganda, to the Northern Part of Tanzania and to the West of Somalia. The country enjoys access to the Indian Ocean which it majorly uses for its imports and exports although comprehensively it covers an area of 592,909 square kilometers (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 33).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Small Business Environment in Kenya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The country has a total population of approximately 38.6 million according to recent 2010 statistics (World Bank 2010, 46). Predominantly, the country is agricultural, with its major exports being Tea and horticultural produce (like flowers) which it majorly exports to Europe. Kenya has experienced a relatively peaceful political environment since its independence in 1963 with its major democratic hallmark being the peaceful transition of power from its longtime serving president Daniel Moi to Mwai Kibaki in 2002 (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 68). However, in the eve of the elections of 2007/2008, the country experienced both political and social tensions which also spilled over to the economic progress and backtracked on the country’s gains in economic development which stood at nearly 7% per annum (Business Daily Africa 2008, 52). The country later adopted a political settlement that now sees the Sub Saharan nation under the leadership of a Prime minister and a President. This situation has led to a rejuvenation of economic and infrastructural changes that have especially been boosted by the country’s adoption of a new constitution in August 2010 (World Bank 2010, 50). At present, prudent economic policies have been effected and the country now experiences tremendous infrastructural changes and a decrease in unemployment levels. The country also has most of its organizations and businesses centralized at the nation’s headqu arters, Nairobi (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 97). The country’s leadership has in the past laid proper groundwork for creating an investment friendly atmosphere with economists projecting that the country could achieve economic growths at the rate of 8% per annum by the year 2025 (African Development Bank 2010, 74).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Central Bank of Kenya is currently undertaking stable fiscal and monetary policies that have ensured a stable monetary policy in the past few years. Kenya being strategically located in the wider East African region because of its seaport (Mombasa); it has a strategic economic importance in the region (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 54). This study seeks to evaluate the small business environment in the region with a careful analysis of the pros and cons the country faces with regards to Small bus inesses. This study will also provide recommendations on how the country can improve its cons and take advantage of its pros to boost the growth of Small businesses Infrastructure The government of Kenya is currently involved in improving the country’s infrastructure to ensure current facilities in the country are working in an efficient manner. Such efforts are currently aimed at rehabilitating, improving, maintaining, and upgrading existing roads, airports, seaports and other infrastructural facilities. Airports Kenya currently has a well developed international and domestic air transport network that at least covers the entire strategic locations of the country. International airports are located in three cities while domestic airports (for small aircrafts) are located in two cities: Nairobi’s Wilson Airport and Kisumu’s airport (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 52). For areas that are inaccessible by road, the country has more than 150 airstrips scat tered all over the country to provide access to remote locations (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). These airports and airstrips are strategically located to provide goods and services to most businesses in the country. Seaports Kenya majorly has one seaport in Mombasa which serves a major economic role for both micro and macro economic business entities. This seaport is termed as one of the most modern in Africa with its strategic importance extended to serving other landlocked countries like Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005, 45). The seaport serves a major strategic role in small businesses because most goods and raw materials dock at the port, after which they are transported countrywide.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Small Business Environment in Kenya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Roads Kenya has a relatively good road network serving most of its major towns . However, the country’s road networks in remote locations where many small businesses thrive are relatively poor with a huge majority of them being murram. Nonetheless, the country’s major highways are known to account for more than 70% of the total freight transported in the country. The cost of transporting freight is advantageously negotiable and most often cheap (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). In this regard, small business owners are able to transport their goods and raw materials in virtually all corners of the country. Notably, the country’s infrastructure is used to transport large freight including oil and other goods to the country’s neighbors. This carriageway is known as the Northern Corridor (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). Railway Kenya’s railway network is not as advanced as it should be because the rail infrastructure at present is the same rail network used during the colonial period. However, most of the coun try’s rail network covers major commercial centers. On a positive light, the country’s rail network seeks to gain from reforms aimed at modernizing the country’s infrastructure in the coming few years due to massive transport reforms to be undertaken by the Ministry of Transport. Telecommunication Most small businesses in Kenya thrive from a good telecommunication network. Currently, Kenya is served by four GSM service providers with a relatively strong coverage across the country. In addition, more than 80 internet service providers are currently operating in the country through cut throat competition that has tremendously reduced the costs of telecommunication (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005).. Electricity Electricity in Kenya is majorly created through hydropower and distributed in 250 volts 50 cycles single phase (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). The government is currently engaged in encouraging the private sector to involve itself in the production of more electricity because virtually all small business and large business entities rely on power for most of their operations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Power is however generated through the country’s main electric generating parastatal, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KENGEN) but it is distributed through another State parastatal, Kenya Power and Lightning Company (KPLC) (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). Water And Sanitation Water is majorly supplied by authorized water agents and local authorities (such as municipals and councils). Most councils and municipalities in major commercial centers are engaged in the provision of basic sewage and sanitation services for business entities. However, due to the proliferation of small business entities and indeed the population, most of Kenya’s councils and municipalities are currently seeking to increase their water supply and expand their sewage services to meet the demand. Investments Policies, Laws And Regulations For Small Businesses The Kenyan government is currently aiming at increasing the confidence of both local and foreign investors to increase their investments in the country. A great part of this effort has been through a revision of existing laws and procedures of setting up small businesses in Kenya. Currently, the private sector contributes a greater part of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). One of the government’s main strategies to induce both local and foreign investors is to sell most of its stakes to them. In this manner, the government has initiated a diversification from public sector investments to private sector investments. The kinds of investments earmarked for privatization include some of the largest to the smallest state corporations (Kenya Investments Authority 2010, 232). This trend is projected to create more business opportunities for investors. In addition, laws, policies and regulations are quickly being explained and eased through the investment promotion centre (www.investmentkenya.com) which assists both local and foreign investors in setting up businesses in the country. The s ervice has of late been upgraded to meet the modern needs of businesspersons in the country (Kenya High Commission 2010, 17). Application procedures and approvals are currently being facilitated through the medium as well. Kenyan laws currently allow for the setting up of small businesses in form of partnerships, private companies, joint ventures and public companies. This provides many local and foreign investors with a wide selection of alternatives on the type of businesses the may wish to undertake. The Kenyan Foreign investment act currently governs and safeguards all types of legal investments by Foreigners and undergoes periodic reviews which keep existing laws relevant with the changing business environment. For instance, there was a previous requirement that if foreign investors wished to set up business in the country, they had to apply for a Certificate of Approval so that they may be able to repatriate capital and profits (Exports Processing Zones Authority 2005). This p rovision is no longer there; which means that investors do not have a limit to foreign participation in local businesses, in terms of equity input or otherwise. The government currently wishes to adopt more business friendly rules and policies. These new regulations are expected to further streamline licensing and other application procedures while also increasing the degree of transparency and accountability in providing the same business provisions (Claasen 2010, 2). Information is therefore expected to be easily available to investors, including the procedures and legislation governing small businesses in the country. Investment Opportunities For Small Businesses There are currently many investment opportunities for small businesses as outlined by the Kenyan government. These opportunities are outlines as follows: Information Communication Technology (ICT) ICT is a fast growing sector in the Kenyan economy and many small business owners are bound to gain from the increased ICT ad option in the country. Such opportunities present themselves in form of software development, telecommunication services, E marketing and the likes (Sudan 2010, 67). Such opportunities are complimented by the huge human resource pool of skilled, English speaking, human resource experts who graduate from Kenyan universities each year. Commercial Dairy Farming Currently, the government is undertaking preliminary studies to asses the feasibility of privatizing most of its Artificial Insemination (AI) services. The same opportunity still exists in dipping services as a major dairy subsector (which has in the past been undertaken by the government). Clinical services are also being privatized by the government and this also presents an opportunity for more private sector participation. Tourism Since the government has extensively undertaken major strides in marketing the country as a topnotch tourist destination in Africa, increased tourist figures are expected to boost small businesses that make local artifacts for sale to tourists. Other kinds of businesses expected to grow in this sector include tour agencies, tourist cafeterias, hotels, catering industries and the likes. Other Other small business opportunities exist in the agricultural sector, textile industry, food industry, education sectors, agribusiness, manufacturing sectors and transport sectors (Kinyanjui 2000, 15) Technological Environment Many countries with regard to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have gained from technological changes that set off in the 1990s (Hill 1987, 5). However, in Kenya, technological changes have not impacted small businesses very positively. Many local investors are not well versed with new technologies and this has led to a lot of confusion regarding the incorporation of technology in day to day business operations. In fact, most businessmen and investors who are strategically positioned to gain from technological changes are interestingly unaware of it, whereas inves tors who are aware of it, lack adequate access to technology but in some cases it is too expensive (King 2002, 67). Foreign investors have therefore in the past been better placed to gain from technological changes. Kenya and most Sub-Saharan countries have often found immense difficulty in using technology to integrate the activities of small businesses with potential investors, both locally and internationally (Wanjohi 2008, 5). The situation is further worsened by the wide technological rift between business men in rural areas and those in urban centers. Technological development in rural Kenya is also hampered because there is limited access to electricity among other social amenities that make internet connectivity available. Access to information is therefore hampered in this sense and small businesses in rural Kenya are isolated from existing networks that can provide the break through most small businesses in rural Kenya need for growth and prosperity. Technological changes in Kenya therefore do not seem to help entrepreneurs in rural Kenya at all. Credit Availability Small businesses the world over, have been identified to suffer from limited access to capital. In turn the alternatives in technology are greatly limited due to a lack or insufficient credit. For example, many small businesses have been observed to use inappropriate technology because they cannot afford the cost of using the right technology (IFC 2009, 65). Sometimes, even when credit is readily available, some investors may be forced to compromise their freedom in choosing the right purchasing equipments because of stringent regulations in lending. The constraining nature of the Kenyan credit market has therefore forced many small investors to seek alternative ways of financing like self funding and seeking funds from friends and relatives. In addition, the limited access to long term financing methods has forced many businesses to contend with short term methods of financing which are often expensive (Muteti 2005, 27). Other types of financial challenges many small businesses in Kenya face include high banking costs, high interest rates and exorbitant fees in borrowing funds. The year 2008, brought this issue to fore because most of the country’s small business investors were hoodwinked into joining pyramid schemes that never bore fruit. However, from the whole scam, it was evidently cleat that many people were desperate for a lending mechanism that enabled them to pay back borrowed money in small interest rates. Investment Protection Agreements The government has made specific legislations in its constitution to safeguard both local and foreign investors against unforeseen business calamities. One such guarantee is the protection against expropriation of businesses or private properties which is often undertaken by governments for public interest. In case such an eventuality occurs, the law guarantees investors compensation. Another such guarantee is the repatriation of profits and interests under the Foreign Investment Protection Act which allows foreign investors to repatriate their profits after tax (including retained moneys which have not been capitalized) (Kenya Investments Authority 2010, 112). In the same regard, they can also repatriate any interest payments associated with borrowed loans. Also, Kenya is a member of the World Bank Multilateral investments Guarantee Agency which safeguards businessmen from risks of a non commercial nature (Kenya Investments Authority 2010, 16). Investment Promotion Centre Investment promotion centre was established through an act of parliament to assist micro and macro businesses to operate in the country. This body helps small businesses facilitate their licensing requirements before they commence business and also support the promotion of local investments in both local and international stages (Kenya Investments Authority 2010). The body works closely with relevant government ministries a nd most notably the Ministry for local government in establishment of local businesses to assist investors procure licenses and required permits for business. Currently, the body assists small business investors in obtaining licenses within six months or less. Small businesses are not governed by any equity ceiling, although foreign investors are required to partner with local investors when undertaking small businesses in the country (Kenya Investments Authority 2010). With regards to business opportunities created from government privatization of its departments, the Investment promotion centre can assist small businesses acquire businesses within four weeks upon availability of the necessary documentations (Kenya Investments Authority 2010). Recommendation Kenya has a favorably good business environment for small businesses to thrive. However, since small businesses thrive majorly in remote commercial areas, it is important that the government expand the infrastructure in the rur al areas to support the growth of small businesses. Such developments can be facilitated through private-public partnerships which are expected to hasten such developments. Also, a great deal of the country’s small businesses is concentrated in major commercial centers of the country, thereby disproportionately growing small businesses. The government should therefore provide more incentives for growth of small businesses in rural areas which account for a greater majority of the country’s population. This can be achieved through a reduction of taxes or a reduction of land rates as a factor of production. Licensing has also notably been more bureaucratic than it should be. Considering most nations have achieved fast and more efficient ways of licensing, it is important that the country also follow the same precedent (Organization for Economic Cooperation 2010, 3). Some licensing requirements are noted to take more than six months before being processes, meaning that th e system needs to be automated to increase the speed of such processes. Some of the country’s laws regarding foreign investments also backtrack on the country’s quest to improve foreign investments in the country. For example, the legal requirement that foreign investors ought to partner with local investors in owning agricultural land or setting up small business is retrogressive. Such laws are therefore redundant and should be changed through increased pressures by the business community in improving the business landscape of the country. Conclusion Kenya is a major economic hub of the wider East African region. Its business environment is supported by the government’s commitment to change existing and archaic policies that have previously stunted the economic growth. When compared to other countries of its peers, Kenya is firmly on the path to growth prosperity especially boosted by small business development. The growth of small business is especially expect ed to thrive from the government’s review of existing policies, growth of the ICT and tourism sectors plus an improvement in the country’s infrastructure. The country is therefore expected to substantially grow from increased investor confidence and an upsurge of business opportunities across major economic sectors. That said, Kenya provides a good business environment for the growth of small businesses. Reference List African Development Bank. 2010. African economic outlook, volume 1. New York: OECD Publishing. Business Daily Africa. 2008. 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Tapping Opportunities In Enterprise Clusters In Kenya: The  Case Of Enterprises In Ziwani And Kigandaini. Nairobi: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi. Muteti, James. 2005. SMEs in Kenya. Nairobi: The Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA). Organization for Economic Cooperation. 2010. Perspectives on Global  Development 2010: Shifting Wealth. New York: OECD Publishing. Sudan, Randeep. 2010. The Global Opportunity in IT-Based Services: Assessing and   Enhancing Country Competitiveness. London: World Bank Publications. Wanjohi, Mugure. 2008. Factors Affecting The Growth Of Mses In Rural Areas Of  Kenya: A Case Of ICT Firms In Kiserian Township, Kajiado District of Kenya. Nairobi: Longhorn Publishers. World Bank. 2010. Doing Business in Kenya 2010, January 20,  psdblog.worldbank.org/†¦/doing-business-in-kenya-2010.html . This report on Small Business Environment in Kenya was written and submitted by user Wesley S. to help you with your own studies. 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