When Human Diet Costs too Much Biodiversity as the Ultimate Answer to the Global Problems

Presentation. Eat, Pray, Leave: A Consumerist Approach to Nature There is no forswearing that individuals have been underestimating nature for a really long time. In view of the outlandish utilization of the common assets, ecological contamination and deficient assurance (WWF, n. d.), individuals have driven various species to eradication; besides, because of the expanding paces of consumerist approach towards the food which nature accommodates individuals, the quantity of species has begun diminishing much more quickly. In this way, individuals have either to reevaluate their eating routine, or to observe the majority of the creatures and plants vanishing fast.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on When Human Diet Costs excessively: Biodiversity as the Ultimate Answer to the Global Problems explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Problem, Unveiled: The Self-Centered Humankind Despite the conspicuous advancement, individuals can't control the normal pro cedures. In this way, it is amazingly perilous to interfere into the last mentioned. Once having begun to utilize common assets, individuals will always be unable to stop. Due to reckless demeanor towards the modest quantity of normal assets and gigantic paces of fulfillment, a few animal varieties are now wiped out, and some have gotten exceptionally jeopardized. The issue concerns plants, yet in addition creatures and fish (Landais, 2007, January 26). Eating anything they desire, individuals have been dismissing the way that common assets are expendable. As indicated by O’Sullivan, the ongoing occasion in Italy uncovered the paces of people’s carelessness towards nature: â€Å"The country’s remote priest, Franco Frattini, remarked that the dinner was tacky when Italy’s bears are ‘almost wiped out and we are attempting with extraordinary exertion to take them back to the mountains that have facilitated them for centuries’† (O’S ullivan, n. d.). Due to high paces of fish culmination, various fish has gotten imperiled. However these species are still devoured. Besides, to create enough veal and hamburger, individuals need to utilize the nature’s timberland assets as fields. The previously mentioned prompts woodland demolition. At long last, the absence of harmony between the expended food and the criticism to the nature prompts a characteristic emergency. The last can at long last drive to a planet-scale calamity. Assessing the Consequences: The Game Is not Worth the Candles Before continuing with the arrangements, individuals need to ask themselves an inquiry, â€Å"How did this happen?† To comprehend why the consumerist mentalities have taken such an intense scale, one must consider the manner in which individuals treat characteristic assets. The model above shows that individuals have an incredible issue in their associations with nature. The issue is that the mankind has been taking nature for granted.Advertising Looking for article on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Probable Solutions: Helping Rare and Endangered Species As it has been referenced over, the outcomes of a neglectful utilization of characteristic assets will be exceptional. Indeed, even now, one can follow a portion of the results of people’s dietary patterns. For instance, the accompanying species have vanished totally in the course of recent decades: However, there is no an ideal opportunity to freeze. Indeed, even at the given stage, there is an exit plan. To begin with, individuals should rehearse manageability approach. Utilizing characteristic assets just when vital, individuals will have the option to right the wrongs. Likewise, it will be expected to add to nature instead of consistent fulfillment. Spreading mindfulness, one can upgrade the procedure: â€Å"More than one million individuals have now watched The End of the Line, a historic uncover of the outcomes of overfishing, as indicated by an assessment of the film’s impact† (Levitt Thomas, 2011, February 18). Discussing the imperiled species, individuals ought to reexamine their apportion, for sure, to spare the previous. There are a few different ways to do as such. Vegetarianism is the most extreme methodology. Notwithstanding, it won't suit anybody. Another technique to take care of the issue is the methodology of biodiversity. Guided by the rule of offering back to the earth as much as individuals detract from it, manageability approach assumes that biodiversity ought to be supported with the assistance of building up a sensible eating regimen for individuals. Giving enough components which are fundamental for individuals doesn't imply that the imperiled species ought to be utilized as food or assets for hide and cowhide items. While furnishing individuals with the important nutrients and minerals, one can in any case deal with the jeopardized species. The last can be subbed by the species which are very various. Giving the jeopardized species two or three centuries to repopulate, one will have the option to make the characteristic assets ample once more. End: There Is Still Some Hope Left. Biodiversity and Sustainable Environmental Policies As it has been referenced already, there is an exit from this entangled circumstance. Individuals need to comprehend that their narcissism is foolish. In addition, the emphasis on the consumerist approach will at long last execute individuals, yet in addition the rest of the species. Consequently, the manner in which individuals eat must be rethought for the last time. It is preposterous to make all individuals get by on bread and water. Notwithstanding, at present, the world is in another extraordinary. Eating everything what they kindly individuals pulverize the sensitive equalization of nature. Along these lines, what we eat, yet in addition how we ea t must be changed.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on When Human Diet Costs excessively: Biodiversity as the Ultimate Answer to the Global Problems explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Landais, E. (2007, January 26). 40% of food ‘is hereditarily modified.’ Web. Levitt, T. Thomas, A. (2011, February 18). The End of the Line: How a film changed the manner in which we eat fish. The Guardian. Web. O’Sullivan, F. (n. d.). Undermined species on the menu around the world. Web. WWF (n. d.). Dangers to seas and coasts. Web. This paper on When Human Diet Costs excessively: Biodiversity as the Ultimate Answer to the Global Problems was composed and put together by client Ben L. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

A Portrait of the Artist as a Yong Man

A Portrait of the Artist as a Yong Man Joyce â€Å"A Portrait of the Artist as a Yong Man† by James Joyce has a few significant topics that identify with a person’s independence, its characteristic turn of events and cognizant advancement of the character and understanding.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on A Portrait of the Artist as a Yong Man explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the themes is the rebellion of religion and the ethical comprehension of the world. Stephen understands that he isn't just breaking strict codes, yet additionally harms his profound quality. Each time he takes part in the administrations of whores, he decides to disregard religion. This is a more profound subject where an individual keeps down on their ethics, just to make up for themselves later. In time, he comprehends that he should carry on with a real existence by moral and good standards, grasping the sum total of what that has been given to individuals. This unmistakably outlines the two limits of his character. One is totally defiant to any social guidelines while the other is unadulterated, and needs to lead an actual existence liberated from wrongdoing (Joyce, 2011). Another theme relates to Stephen needing to turn into a craftsman and picking separation as one of the vital strides towards his objective. From one point of view, he abandons everything to seek after own fantasies, and figures it will make him a superior craftsman. From another, he comprehends that his locale and family have made him what his identity is, and they will consistently be a piece of his internal world and comprehension. He is demonstrated to be keen to the information he has gotten, along these lines he intends to offer back to the network in a type of his craft (Wollaeger, 2003). A somewhat critical theme is the advancement of the singularity and comprehension of the encompassing scene. Toward the start, Stephen is portrayed as a youngster who isn't completely mindful of the w orld. The words and expressions that are utilized qualify as shortsighted and guileless. Maybe he is a far off onlooker of the encompassing scene, and doesn't generally partake in its reality. Afterward, when he become a youngster, his considerations are increasingly characterized and understanding. Yet at the same time, he is a lot of dedicated to the congregation, letting the guidelines of society and religion to characterize his cognizance of life. At long last, he turns into a completely sensible individual. He goes to the college, and is appeared to have arrived at extraordinary potential in his intelligent deduction, just as enthusiastic comprehension of own character and individuals (Attridge, 1990).Advertising Looking for evaluation on english writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Music and singing are another significant theme of the novel. It is made to speak to the manner in which individuals get away from the unforgiving truth of the world, and better their temperament. Stephen acknowledges music and singing since it is a piece of the language that may appear the equivalent yet is very extraordinary. It contacts his internal pieces of the spirit, and sets the course for a real existence loaded up with benevolence and feeling. In any event, when he hears a lady singing, he feels settled, and sets his objectives on turning into a craftsman. It is clarified how the intensity of a melody and music can assist anybody with setting their brain on close to home dreams and take a stab at everything to accomplish them. The equivalent can be said about the supplications and strict singing. Stephen feels the intensity of a tune when he visits the congregation, and the expressions become inserted in his psyche for an incredible remainder (Bloom, 2009). The tale addresses a few significant divisions of a person’s life. All are key in the improvement of a solid character, particularly a craftsm an. It is made evident that everybody is a craftsman on a basic level; it just sets aside effort to find which specific one. References Attridge, D. (1990). The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Blossom, H. (2009). James Joyce. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. Joyce, J. (2011). A Portrait of the Artist As a Young Man. London, UK: Interactive Media. Wollaeger, M. (2003). James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: A Casebook. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Advertising We will compose a custom evaluation test on A Portrait of the Artist as a Yong Man explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More

5th Grade Narrative Essay Samples to Help You Make a Statement

5th Grade Narrative Essay Samples to Help You Make a StatementThere are many reasons why it is a good idea to use some sort of story telling in your story essays, and one of the best ones is that it can add to the interest of your paper. By using the use of a short paragraph or two and your personal experiences as a way to convey your thoughts on an aspect of life, you are also giving your readers a way to relate to what you are saying.By using the writing skills that you have developed over the years, you can truly make an impact on the tone of your writing. If you're the type of person who likes to write a little differently then you can find that using story telling techniques can help you do just that.One of the best choices of essay samples that are available to use in order to help you make a statement on life and its value will be the examples of the works of others. Although you may not want to copy the work of another writer, you can still take bits and pieces of their work and use them in your own writings.You can draw on this different style of writing in order to express your own opinions without necessarily having to write the entire thing yourself. Some of the best examples of narrative essay samples that you can find will feature stories by others.If you choose to use this approach, you should take note of the actual format that the author used to create their work. For example, you should be able to note the various characters that were used in order to tell the story that you are attempting to communicate to your readers.If you can match the actual work that was used in the essay to the descriptions that you have noted for the characters, it will give you the ability to make a compelling point on life and the way it is presented. By comparing the two styles of storytelling, you will be able to better understand how other people have used the same concept that you will be presenting to your readers.Remember that you should always stay away from making a point about any specific events. Just make sure that you include a main viewpoint character that has a story that you can relate to in order to use story telling techniques to your advantage.In order to succeed with this strategy, you will need to take the idea that you have been carrying around for a long time and start to take it apart and put it back together in a different way. You will begin to notice the different elements that have worked well in the past and start incorporating them into your writing as you continue to learn about writing on a more personal level.

Climate Change And Global Warming - 1474 Words

In 1879, citizens were in shock in Menlo Park as Thomas Edison publicly demonstrated his new invention, the incandescent light bulb, the first time. This device was incredibly impactful and would eventually lead to electricity being within the houses of millions of people across the globe. Industries began to mass excavate large amounts of coal in order to produce electricity to light the homes of these people. However, big business wasn’t aware or concerned about possible environmental damage that was occurring. Power plants sprung up across America which would produce waste in the forms of different types of pollution that would have quite an impact on the surroundings. As a result, individuals started to become aware of the effects of†¦show more content†¦Consequently, environmental legislation and industrial freedom are both consisted of positive and negative aspects that affect numerous people worldwide. So, is environmental legislation actually more beneficial t han industrial freedom? There are many positive effects that can result from environmental legislation, including the overall health of humans. The pollution emitted from numerous different industries and sources not only hurts the environment, but directly affects the people in the area. Several associations have been drawn between pollution and increased risks of heart disease, kidney disease, and lung disease. A newspaper had noted that, â€Å"Data indicated that average systolic BP [blood pressure] rose 1.7 mm Hg with an increase of 2.4 mcg/m ¬3 in fine particulate matter exposure (95% CI, 0.7 mm Hg to 2.7 mm Hg), and diastolic increased 0.8 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.3 mm Hg to 1.4 mm Hg)† (â€Å"City Dwellers† 36). So, this source indicates that in areas where there is exposure to particulate matter (polluted areas, such as cities), there appears to be a correlation with higher overall blood pressure. However, environmental legislation would lead to regulations on mechan isms that are pushing pollution into the nearby areas and therefore reduce the risk of health defects. Additionally, environmental legislation can lead to the reduced risk of global warming, which has been a huge topic in contemporary society. Many studies and research has reached conclusive evidence

Analysis Of The Article On Racist Speech By Charles R...

The voice of writers and authors are the key components to their inner thoughts. It is a way of actually portraying what a person is trying to say. However the case is that their words silenced and put in period of exile away from the eyes of the public. Author Charles Lawrence goes on to state that racist speech is wrong simply because of the drastic agony it puts on a victim’s perspective. In the article â€Å"On Racist Speech,† the author, Charles R Lawrence III, effectively establishes credibility, logic and emotional themes to supports his argument which infers that the use of harmful language should not be protected by the First Amendment Law in order to stop racism. Lawrence sheds light upon the very turbulent issue of the First Amendment right to the Freedom of speech in contrast to the inequality caused by its misuse through racially bias speech. The author states that the University officials should endorse some sort policy that will protect the rights of thos e who are victimized by this â€Å"racial nuisance,† while at the same time not censoring our constitutional right of free speech, â€Å"I am troubled by the way the debates has been framed in response to the recent surge of racist incidents on college and university campuses and in response universities attempts to regulate harassing speech† (Lawrenceï ¼Å'65). Continually, Lawrence defines the set of ideals that the First Amendment was based on, particularly; equality. He goes on to show the audience that this very balance isShow MoreRelatedThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pagesof America (RIAA). The RIAA, which represents record companies responsible for 85% of the total sales of records in the U.S., initially responded fiercely against any of the PMRC’s demands, invoking First Amendment rights for the free exercise of speech and music (Goodchild 1986:161). On August 5, President Gortikov of the RIAA sent a letter to PMRC President P am Howar in which he stated that the RIAA agreed to have a warning label put on all future albums which contained songs with explicit lyricalRead MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 PagesBound to Africa: the Mandinka Legacy in the New World Schaffer, Matt. History in Africa, Volume 32, 2005, pp. 321-369 (Article) Published by African Studies Association DOI: 10.1353/hia.2005.0021 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hia/summary/v032/32.1schaffer.html Access Provided by your local institution at 03/10/13 1:43PM GMT BOUND TO AFRICA: THE MANDINKA LEGACY IN THE NEW WORLD MATT SCHAFFER I I offer here a theory of â€Å"cultural convergenceRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering andRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Life Is A Complicated Paradox - 942 Words

Life is a complicated paradox. Nevertheless, our endless journey to confine answers to infinite questions, which arise exponentially by questioning, gives us a sense of purpose. 18th century French Philosopher, Baron d’Holbach, wrote The System of Nature (1770). One of his arguments entertained the idea that humans were not free agents, meaning that we did not determine our own actions. D’Holbach discussed three points that made his argument a valid philosophical proposal. 1) He espoused the concept of materialism. Materialism is the idea that everything in this world is physical and made from matter, or atoms. This being factual, 2) he proposed that if all matter is subject to physical laws, then there is a cause to every effect. Therefore, 3) since humans are physical beings, then we too are subject to physical laws. This leads to the concept of determinisms, the idea that all of our actions are predestined. Determinism lead d’Holbach to believe that free will was simply an illusion. He argued that our choices are made out of necessity and consequence of temperament, therefore, disproving our freedom. Our necessities are our wants, desires, passions, and motives. We act out of self-preservation and fear of death and the unknown. The human will are modifications of chemicals in our brain, since we cannot see these complex mechanisms we imply that we have control of ourselves. In fact, our brain acts as a complex computer that inputs stimuli and outputs reactions based onShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of A Dream Within a Dream by Edgar Allen Poe Essay850 Words   |  4 PagesDream’ was written by Edgar Allan Poe on 1849, the year that he was found dead because of substance abuse. Considering that the author had gone through many hard times throughout his life with the loss of his beloved ones, this poem might refer to the emotional pain he suffered that let him to question the reality of life. The poem is written in despair as the tone is a mixture of mystery, lo neliness and despair. The poem deals with the speaker’s troubling idea that reality is just a dream as the narratorRead MoreThe Net Government Of The United States1300 Words   |  6 Pagestheories that I could beacon to. The four that presented me with the biggest ideological standpoints are: The Mildred Paradox, The Mildred Corollary, The Vending Machine Model, and The Tectonic Plates. All of these sparked an interest with me and helped me shaped my own opinion on this book and the ideas presented by it. The Mildred Paradox In the book Kettl defines the Mildred Paradox as the federal government is doing a lot of service payment but not service provision. That is purely what the modernRead MoreThe Destructors and the Young Goodman Brown Comparison Essay918 Words   |  4 Pagesstories I. Appreciation of dramatic symbols II. Influence of terror d. Unique techniques, styles and devices I. Paradox is demonstrated II. 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The focal point of his philosophy being that one can either choose to live a life in the present mo ment or live a life with no meaning whatsoeverRead MoreThe Ability Of Overcome Degenerative Policy Making Is Through Policy Analysis805 Words   |  4 Pages(Schneider Ingram 1997). Public policy needs to be inclusive and should provide a clear vision of possibilities, explanations of how and why antidemocratic elements are embedded in policy designs, and interpretations of how designs impact democratic life (Schneider Ingram 1997, 207). According to Stone (2011), knowledge tools reduce the need for coercive action or force because in the rational model, information will resolve conflict between actual behavior and desired behavior. Providing knowledgeRead MoreHedonism, By Robert Nozick1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important thing in life and everything else is trivial as long as you are getting pleasure, the goal being to accumulate the greatest amount of net pleasure in ones lifetime. I disagree with the thought that hedonism is the correct view of well-being for people. Life is more than breaking down acts into something as simple as level of pleasure and then determining happiness off of that. By examining Nozick’s experience machine, Issues on morality, and the paradox of pursuing happiness. WeRead MoreAdvantages Of Time Travel1640 Words   |  7 Pagesthan the ticks on observer’s one clock. Time travel into the future is very easy compare to time traveling in the past. It is so easy that it actually happens in our everyday life. It is also safer to time travel in the future because we don’t have to face paradoxes like the grandfather paradox or the information paradox. Time traveling to the future is both conceptually and physically simpler. It is something that happens everyday because whenever two observers are in relative motion and one of

Commonwealth Government My Health Record System-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommonwealth Government My Health Record System. Answer: Project vision document on My Health Record This project depicts the crucial necessity of implementing an electronic health record keeping system developed by commonwealth Government. This health records contains individuals health record details and store hose information under high security. This system is referred to as a reliable, secure and trustworthy resource for the Australian common people. This system helps both the doctors and patients to access their health records during diagnosis (Waterson, 2014). Through this system each and individual will be able to control their health status. Due to high level security nine of the unwanted users will be access information from the server of My Health Record system. The vision of this project gives an enhanced healthcare support system with a possible care. Project deliverables and project outcomes Project deliverables: The objective of Commonwealth Government My health record system is to deliver an electronic health record details designed considering process driven heath care technology through which the health records can store securely (Ventola, 2014). Whenever required the patients and even doctors can access information from the record but permission none of the outsiders can access any data. Project outcomes: According to the integrated patients care system implemented by Commonwealth Government, all the previously determined issues can be eventually resolved (Pearce Bainbridge, 2014). The patients can take care of their health and can also control their health issues with the data stored in the My Heath Record system. The health information can be shared between the patients and doctors securely. Due to the incorrect prescribed medicines, the number of patients taking admission in the hospitals a lot (Pavlik et al., 2014). These issues can also be resolved accordingly with the implementation of My health Record project. However, the problems, capabilities and benefits of My Health Record system are demonstrated below: Problem After analyzing the previous health record details it has been found that many issues are associated to it those are needed to be resolved by the improvement of the My Health Record system. In this case if proper password protection or security is not provided then anyone can access the health record details from the server without permission Issues are rising regarding prescribed medicines if wrong records are accessed As there is no specific time to take appointment thus, time delay may took place Due to record resources the patients may fail to access information about their current health records In regional areas, due to lack of internet connectivity health records may not be accessed on accurate time Lack of clinical usability in the electronic healthcare record keeping system The system fails to provide sufficient terminal server environment to the system developers Capabilities For building patient centric data through the exchange of data among the patients and the doctors the My Health Record system gives many opportunities accordingly (Nazi et al., 2014). The capabilities and the features of My Health Records are as follows: It provides wide reporting requirements and approach to calculation to the users. It can efficiently keep the record of the patients health condition. In order to reduce the rate of system errors, the details health records of the patients are stored on separate storage or server. My Health Records provides demographic details of the patients The system can efficiently manage the specified list of medicine for the patients The serious patients can also get sufficient treatment on time from the doctors The data will contain their previous surgical histories, clinical as well as clinical history It provides managerial guidelines to the patients with specific data about the pre and post procedural needs Benefits However, with the help of the My Health Record system both the patients and the doctors will get enough benefits and the benefits provide by the system are follows: For a high level server security the unauthorized users will not be able to access any information from the stored records This project is completely focused on the improvement of values and position of the clients. This E-health Record system keeps the data confidential to avoid unauthenticated data hacking In order to meet the requirements of the users My Health Record system gives a better governance power. The system gives an open as well as systematic communication among the patients and doctors Project summary From the complete discussion of the project it can be concluded that, My Health Record system developed by Commonwealth Government, is very much effective from both the patient and doctors perspectives. Through this system the patients can get sufficient data whenever required. References Boulos, M. N. K., Brewer, A. C., Karimkhani, C., Buller, D. B., Dellavalle, R. P. (2014). Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification.Online journal of public health informatics,5(3). Nazi, K. M., Turvey, C. L., Klein, D. M., Hogan, T. P., Woods, S. S. (2014). VA OpenNotes: exploring the experiences of early patient adopters with access to clinical notes.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, amiajnl-2014. Pavlik, V., Brown, A. E., Nash, S., Gossey, J. T. (2014). Association of patient recall, satisfaction, and adherence to content of an electronic health record (EHR)generated after visit summary: a randomized clinical trial.The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,27(2), 209-218. Pearce, C., Bainbridge, M. (2014). A personally controlled electronic health record for Australia.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,21(4), 707-713. Ventola, C. L. (2014). Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: uses and benefits.PT,39(5), 356-364. Waterson, P. (2014). Health information technology and sociotechnical systems: A progress report on recent developments within the UK National Health Service (NHS).Applied Ergonomics,45(2), 150-161.

William Shakespeare Essays (2581 words) - The Comedy Of Errors

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists. Shakespeare's plays communicate a profound knowledge of human behavior, revealed through portrayals of a wide variety of characters. His use of poetic and dramatic means to create a unified artistic effect out of several vocal expressions and actions is recognized as a singular achievement, and his use of poetry within his plays to express the deepest levels of human motivation in individual, social, and universal situations is considered one of the greatest accomplishments in literary history. William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon. No knows the exact date of William's birth, although we do know that he was baptized on Wednesday, April 26, 1564. His father was John Shakespeare, tanner, glover, dealer in grain, and town official of Stratford. William's mother, Mary, was the daughter of Robert Arden, a prosperous gentleman. On November 28, 1582, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway entered into a marriage contract. The baptism of their eldest child, Susanna, took place in Stratford in May 1583. One year and nine months later their twins, Hamnet and Judith, were christened in the same church. In 1593, William found a patron, Henry Wriothgley, to sponsor him. During this time, he wrote two long poems. His first long poem, "Venus and Adonius", was written in 1593. In 1594 he wrote his second long poem, "Rape of Lucrece". In London, Shakespeare established himself as an actor who began to write many plays. Shakespeare worked "Lords Chamberlain's Men" company which later became "The King's Men" in 1603 after King James I took over. This company became the largest and most famous acting company, only because Shakespeare worked for them, writing all the plays they performed. They performed these plays by Shakespeare in a well known theater which was called "The Globe" because of it s circular shape. Shakespeare left London in 1611 and retired. On March 25, 1616, Shakespeare made a will and, shortly after he died on April 23, 1616 at the age of 52. Many people believed that Shakespeare knew he was dying; however he didn't want anyone to know that he was. Certainly there are many things about Shakespeare's genius and career which the most diligent scholars do not know and can not explain, but the facts which do exist are sufficient to establish Shakespeare's identity as a man and his authorship of the thirty-seven plays which reputable critics acknowledge to be his. Since the 19th century, Shakespeare's achievements have been more consistently recognized, and throughout the Western world he has come to be regarded as the greatest dramatist ever. ACT I The play's opening lines signal a mood of tension, and they portend disaster for Egeon, a middle-aged merchant from the ancient city of Syracuse on the island of Sicily. The cities of Syracuse and Ephesus are openly hostile toward one another. Captured in Ephesus, Egeon has been condemned to death by the Duke, who urges him to tell the sad story of how he has come to this state. Along with his wife Emilia, identical twin sons both named Antipholus, and identical twin slaves both named Dromio, Egeon some years ago suffered a shipwreck. One son and slave survived with the father; the others, he hoped, survived with the mother. Neither group knew of the other's survival, however, nor of each other's whereabouts, but when Antipholus of Syracuse turned eighteen, his father gave him permission to search for his brother. The worried Egeon then set out after his second son, and after five years of fruitless wandering, he came to Ephesus. Moved by this tale of sadness, the Duke of Ephesus gave Egeon a day, within which time Egeon must raise a thousand marks ransom money. Antipholus of Syracuse takes his leave of a friendly merchant and tells his servant Dromio of Syracuse to take the 1,000 marks he has with him to their lodging for safekeeping. Meanwhile, he tells Dromio he's going to look around the town. Soon Dromio of Ephesus, an exact look-alike of the other Dromio, enters and tells Antipholus of Syracuse, thinking he is Antipholus of Ephesus, to come home for dinner that his wife has been waiting. In no mood for joking around with the servant, Antipholus hits the uncomprehending Dromio on the head, as he walks off. Antipholus then groans with the thought that a bondsman has just cheated him out of 1,000 marks. ACT II Antipholus of Ephesus' wife, Adriana, debates with her sister Luciana on the proper conduct

Italian Indefinite Articles - Articoli Indeterminativi

Italian Indefinite Articles - Articoli Indeterminativi The Italian indefinite article (larticolo indeterminativo) corresponds to English  a/an  and is used with singular nouns. It also corresponds to the number  one. INDEFINITE ARTICLES MASCHILE FEMMINILE uno zio (uncle) una zia (aunt) un cugino (cousin, m.) una cugina (cousin, f.) un amico (friend, m.) unamica (friend, f.) Uno  is used for masculine words beginning with  z  or  s  Ã‚  consonant;  un  is used for all other masculine words.  Una  is used for feminine words beginning with a consonant;  un’  is used for feminine words beginning with a vowel. un treno e una biciclettaun aeroplano e un’automobileuno stadio e una stazione How to Use Italian Indefinite Articles​ In Italian, an article is the variable part of  discourse  that appears before the  noun  to specify the gender and number of the noun. An  adjective  can be placed between the article and noun: Il  viaggio  in Turchia à ¨Ã‚  una  buona  idea per  le  prossime  vacanze.The trip to Turkey is a good idea for your next vacation. È  stato  un  viaggio  molto  interessante.It was a very interesting trip. I  ragazzi si alzino in piedi,  le  ragazze restino sedute.The boys stand up, the girls remain seated. Lo  sport à ¨Ã‚  unattivit salutare per  gli  adolescenti.Sport is a healthy pursuit for teenagers. NOTE: The article gives value to the noun and any other part of speech it precedes: Il  mangiar  troppo  non  giova  alla  salute.Overeating is not conducive to ones health. Lo strano  della storia à ¨ che nessuno udà ¬ lo sparo.The odd part of the story is that no one heard the shot. Bene,  il pià ¹Ã‚  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚  fatto!Well, the job is done! In Italian, an article can either be a  definite article  (articolo determinativo), an indefinite article (articolo indeterminativo), or a  partitive article  (articolo partitivo). Indefinite ArticleIn Italian, the indefinite article is placed before the noun to indicate a generic, uncountable noun. It is also used before the names of professions as well as with common names or surnames to indicate a work of art. In English, indefinite articles correspond to the terms a and an. It has the following forms: MASCULINE (singular):  un,  unoFEMININE (singular):  una,  un un  is  used before a masculine noun that starts with a vowel or consonant: un  amicoa friend un  giornoone day un  tavoloa table NOTE:  un  is  never followed by an apostrophe. uno  pressed a word that starts with:  »Ã‚  s  impura  (s   consonant) uno  scontrinoa receipt uno  specchioa mirror uno  svagoa diversion  »Ã‚  y  semiconsonantica  (semivowel y) uno  yogurta yogurt uno  yachta yacht  »Ã‚  gn,  ps,  x, and  z uno  gnomoa gnome uno  psicologoa psychologist uno  xenofoboa xenophobic uno  zainoa backpack una  is used before a feminine word that begins with a consonant: una  madrea mother una  ziaan aunt un  is used before a feminine word that begins with a vowel: unautomobilea car unamicaa friend NOTE: The indefinite article has no plural form; however it can be implied:  »Ã‚  by omitting the article: Leggo  giornali.I am reading newspapers. Mangio pere e mele.I am eating pears and apples.  »Ã‚  with the partitive article, with the suggestion of  qualche,  alcuni, or  un  po di: Prendo caffà ¨ e  dei  biscotti.Im having coffee and biscuits. Vorrei  comprare  dei  libri.I would like to buy books.

Catholic Church and the Death Penalty Term Paper

Catholic Church and the Death Penalty - Term Paper Example he issue of death penalty or the so-called â€Å"capital punishment† (from the Latin word ‘capitalis’ to describe â€Å"that which related to life, by which life is endangered†) [1] and how it has changed over time. Capital punishment has already been practiced since the ancient times. In Genesis 9.5-6, we find: â€Å"If anyone takes human life, he will be punished. Human beings were made like God, so whoever murders one of them will be killed by someone else.† [2] This was the very first formal declaration of the penalty of death ever recorded in the Judeo-Christian history. When the Israelites journeyed from Egypt to the Sinaitic Peninsula, the Lord gave them a code of legislation (mostly found in Exodus 21) (Ibid.) which prescribed death as the penalty for some acts: murder (Ex. 21.12); willful assault upon the parents of an offender (Ex. 21.15); kidnapping (Ex. 21.16); cursing someone’s parents (Ex. 21.17), etc. The Bible has mentioned several accounts where death has been a crucial part of legislation in the ancient times. But it has some exceptions in as much as it is strictly imposed: â€Å"But if it was an accident and he did not mean to kill him, he can escape to a place which I will choose for you and there he will be safe.† (Ex. 21.13) Thinking that death penalty is intrinsically evil, most people probably do not realize that it is legal and therefore say that it is â€Å"not approved† by the Church. On the contrary, the Church has a long history of approving it. In his City of God (Book 1, Ch. 21), St. Augustine of Hippo deems the imposition of death penalty as â€Å"not contrary† to the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not kill† and signifies approval of death penalty based on certain exceptions [3]. By this statement, St. Augustine mentions about God’s â€Å"explicit commission to an individual for a limited time,† (Ibid.) thereby exempting the individual from the killing â€Å"since the agent of authority is but a sword in the hand and is not

Hacking Attacks on Websites and Mobile Commerce (M-commerce) Crime Essay

Hacking Attacks on Websites and Mobile Commerce (M-commerce) Crime - Essay Example Malwares can be used to get onto FTPs or web servers, which is to attain useful information like credentials. This information attained by hackers is then further used for accessing the website personal information which only belongs to a company’s profile or business. Vulnerability of servers has invited hackers to access website’s secret information. This has also become a major threat for website owners today who provide enough space for hackers to get in (Rodriguez and Martinez). Likewise cybercrimes, crimes on M-commerce are also on the parallel side of distinction. Due to much dependence of retailers and consumers on M-commerce, big ratios of crimes on M-commerce have come to the sight. Malware provides easy access to mobile hackers especially in phones which carry computer or web applications. Smart phones or I phones are common in such threat as they carry a high vulnerability for malwares to persist. According to McAfee Inc malwares are approachable to smart phones which are common in use of unit sales trade by the retailers (Woodward). Rodriguez, Chris and Richard Martinez. "The Growing Hacking Threat to Websites: An Ongoing Commitment to Web Application Security." 2012. www.htbridge.com. 4 October 2012

Organizational structure of the business Essay Example for Free

Organizational structure of the business Essay Businesses can take different approaches on the way they structure the organization of their business. The different types of structures include flat, matrix, and tall. These represent hierarchical, centralized and decentralized forms of organization. These different structures are used in different types of organization relating to the needs the business may require. In a tall structure there are many levels. People of different status within the business take each level. This is hierarchical. As the levels get higher in the structure, the power and responsibility usually increases. In a tall structured organization there would the top layer of the structure but many at the bottom represent few people. This structure would be used in a large business where there would be many members of staff, many groups under different supervision. This form of organization would cause there to be a lack of communication throughout the business as issues would be passed through the levels, supervisors to managers and may never reach the managing director. Elements like this in a tall structure could lead to a lack of control throughout the business. Flat is another style of organizational structure. This is still of a hierarchical form yet there is less layers in the business. This is more of a democratic approach as there is a smaller span of control throughout the organization. As there is less levels in the structure there is less separate sections of power. The reduction in the amount of layers means that communication throughout the business is greatly improved therefore the managing director has a greater level of control over the business as a whole. This would be used in a smaller business. It would consist of a managing director followed by possibly a number of directors then supervisors then staff in a hierarchical fashion. A matrix approach can also be used. This is constructed by the business itself. It can be a democratic, autocratic or lassiez-faire approach or a mixture of the three. Very large businesses, PLC or LTDs use this. As the business is so large a tall matrix would not be appropriate as there would be a lack of interaction and control of the business would not be great. To prevent this happening, Boots designed a structure of its own. These are known as matrix structures. Each level has independent managers and spans of control that do not lead up or down the hierarchy of the business. Each level has independent managers and line supervisors so they are self-contained. The local span of control is the responsibility of the line manager. To keep communication strong within the business there is a strong chain of command throughout the structure. This ensures that any problems; ideas or achievement are known throughout the business. This approach keeps communication and control strong, as although there are a great number of people within the structure it is easy to find out what is happening at present through the chain of commanding supervisors who are responsible at that level. The different sections of the business that are present within the matrix are   Boots the Chemist Wellbeing services   Supply and support services   Boots Healthcare international Each of these sections (levels) of the business has line managers and supervisors. These communicate through the chain of command through out the business. This gives a firm structure of a high level of control and interaction, which is within the best interests of the smooth running of the business. The diagram below shows the set out of the business and how the different sections relate to each other. Within these sections the directing and supervisory structure is set out like this throughout the business This is Richard Baker; he is the chief executive of Boots PLC. He does not work in a store but control along with Howard Dodd Paul Bateman the running nationwide of the Boots Empire. They have control over every structure in every store throughout the country from managers to floor workers however it is rare they interact with any one but senior staff in the department stores. Boots to maximize the benefits created the matrix structure. This shows that they have taken their own approach upon their business and changed with the times. Using a matrix structure as the business expanded to the size it is now has proved beneficial and reaches an objective. Boots aimed to Develop, modernize technology and strategies. Using the matrix structure has been a form of modernizing therefore reaching a set objective. Boots aim of globalization would need to lead from a base of a stable market in the UK business sector. To gain a stable grasp in the UK economy Boots needs a stable business. The matrix structure consisting of effective interaction through out the levels and a hold on control ensures that the business runs smoothly and is stable in doing so. This reaches the objective of taking a strong hold in the UK business field, which can lead, to greater expansion and globalization. Companies can survive at a steady pace without altering too much about the workings of the business. However to expand, as Boots wish to, some of the most beneficial ideas may come from staff low down in the hierarchical structure. It is for this reason that the matrix structure is extremely beneficial as communication and interaction is strong between the levels so ideas can quickly be picked up on along with problems. This benefits the performance of the business and issues are quickly picked up on. This also contributes to the working towards of the objective relevant to expansion and customer loyalty as both business and custom seek to gain return from the matrix structures benefits and overall performance of the business as a whole. The matrix structure has many advantages that would not be applicable if the organization structure was of another form. The chain of command within the business ensures that the communication within the different groups is regular and effective. Within the boots organization there are many different sections that deal with different aspects of the business. The seven sections within the Boots group deal with their specific part of the business whether it is the chemist, retail or health care. The specialization within the business is a great advantage to all concerned. The staff employed in each of the sections are special trained in that area. Specialization is a great advantage to the business as it means that jobs can be carried out informatively and effectively. As staff is specialized in their area they provide great customer service as they are well educated in the fields in which they work. Empowerment enables the staff within the different sections to have freedom to do tasks that they are delegated without supervisions. This increases moral and self-motivation, as the staff feels confident and independent within the business. High motivation increases staff productivity, which improves the performance of the business. The span of control within the individual areas of the business ensures that the business is smooth running and any problems that occur can be dealt with quickly and efficiently. This is an advantage, as problems do not have to travel into other areas of the business through the chain of command. The separate sections of the business are independent in the way they work. This ensures the business has high levels of control throughout the whole business in all sections and all can be accessed quickly through the chain of command. All these are advantages that help a great deal towards improving the performance of the business for the reasons listed. Communication within Boots There are many different types of communication that businesses can adopt. Different forms of communication are used in different situations within a business. The main types of communication that are used now a day revolve around ICT. ICT stands for Information Communication Technology. Communication is used everyday from the second a business opens in the morning till the second that it closes. With out communication a business would never reach its full potential or have the smooth operations it could achieve. Within a large business, like a PLC or LTD like boots communication is essential. Without communication different sections of the business would not operate well together and issues could quickly fall out of hand. Communication through the chain of command is so important in keeping a business afloat and operating efficiently. Good communication ensures that the business keeps control and the top of the hierarchical structure is aware, or can easily find out the major movements from day to day. Between departments and hierarchical levels communication links must be strong as decisions and movements are often made that effect other departments. There are many different types of communication method. The specific sectors include   Written   Non-verbal. Verbal   Electronic Face to face Each of these has specific areas in which it is of most benefit to use. Different types of communication are used dependant on the issue that is relevant, who is sending it, and who is receiving it. It is important that communication towards employees is regular and efficient. This is because employees need to be kept informed of the movement of the business in all aspects. If there is product alterations or price changes employees must be informed straight away so that no problems occur within the business. Also information about extra shifts, overtime, work hours and bonuses, especially over Christmas are very important in the smooth operation and motivation of the staff. Supervisors and managers are usually the ones who would communicate with the staff. There are many methods that could be used. Employees could be informed and communicated with by the use of notice boards. This is a cheap method, which means that everyone can see the information present. This is a good method if everyone is aware there is a notice to be seen. This could easily be ignored or not notice quickly however. Letters with the employees pay slips are a good method to use, as it is likely that a very high majority of the employees will read them. This is good if it can wait till payday for the notice to go out although still staff may not read them. A team meeting at the beginning of the day is a very efficient way of communicating with staff as issues can be raised and the employees can communicate also. This means that everyone can be informed and there are no excuses why staff ignores issues raised. Employees who have computers (not floor workers) such as administration areas and HRM can be communicated with many more forms of modern communication such as email and uses of the Intranet. Managers and supervisors need to be able to receive communication from higher up in the chain of command and also to be able to distribute down the chain. This is very important. Higher levels in the hierarchical structure need to be able to communicate regularly and efficiently in order to hold a strong level of control over the business and make alterations and give advice where necessary. It is very important this area of the business is easy to communicate with so that no time is wasted in trying to do so. Managers in the Boots organization have offices in individual branches and headquarters; some supervisors also have computer access. This enables Boots to provide computers for the staff that is a great benefit when it comes to communication. The use of computers means that these managers can be easily and quickly communicated with via the use of email, Intranet messaging and time tabled events that may be stored and altered on network software that is specific to the Boots store. Different forms of communication are used in different parts of the business depending on different factors. These factors determine the form of communication and approach taken. These are described below.   Formal   Informal   Important   Urgent   Optional   Open to all   Sent to a specific person   Person   Impersonal   Relaxed   Who its aimed towards   Who its from Confidential This all affect what type of communication are used in different situations within the business. The different categories that the forms of communication fall into are know as the channels of communication.

Banning Tobacco Essay -- Smoking Cigarettes Cigarette Smoker Smoke

Tobacco Tobacco has been around for many years, and it should be stopped, but can the economy handle it. The tobacco is reaching young children, and not to mention the nonsmokers as well. The medical effects alone should convince people to stop smoking. Even if the people wanted to quit, it's hard because they are already addicted. If the health doesn't stop people from smoking the cost should because this year the tax on tobacco has gone up dramatically. So now the cost is weakening our pockets. The only ones that win in the tobacco field are the Tobacco Company, because they make all the money. If profits fall, all they have to do is advertise a little harder and profits will roll in. But the Tobacco Company does employ a lot of people and is a huge part of the economy. There are a lot of smokers and rising, but today more then ever the smokers are the children. "By the age 18, about two-thirds of the young people in the United States have tried smoking."(Elders 1994) We must not let this happen, the kids are our future, and we should want the best for them, but this will help the tobacco company because "Most people are going to smoke are hooked by the time they are 20 years old."(Elders 1994) This will keep the young people from smoking for a long time. We must protect the children from smoking or we are put them in to an early grave. "Tobacco is estimated to have caused around three million deaths a year in the early 1990'a and rising."(Mccuen 1997) Pretty soon the smokers will get younger and young, we must save the children, or who will. Smokers are not the only ones that are effected by tobacco smoke. "Cigarettes don't only kill the smoker, they also kil... ...inors In Your Community, 1992, Stanford CRDP 5. Gold, Mark S. Tobacco, 1995, plenum 6. Hyde, Margaret O. Know About Smoking, 1990, New York 7. Kessler, David A. Smoking; Regulating Nicotine as a Drug be Necessary, 1995, San Diego 8. Mackenzie, Thomas D. Smoking; Smoking Should Be Regulated. 1995, San Diego 9. Marketguide (1996) http://www.marketguide.com/mgi/snap/7043N.html 10. McCuen, Gary E. Tobacco; People Profits and Public Health, 1997, Wisconsin 11. Pringle, Laurence. Smoking; A Risky Business, 1996. New York 12. Robertson, Brian. Smoking; Cigarette Tax Increase Would Be Harmful, 1995, San Diego 13. Waxman, Henry A. Smoking; Smoking Should Be Banned in Nonresidential Building, 1995, San Diego 14. Wilson, Catherine. The Orange County register; Secondhand smoke linked To more illnesses Health, 1997, Miami

Unit 21: Level 2 Btec Business, P1 + P2

Subject: Two different businesses in London. Procedure: I have visited da coca cola enterprise in Edmonton, Never the less I have also been to Ash’s cafe. Findings: Coca- Cola enterprise limited in Edmonton. Purpose: Framework defines what being the best means for CCE, and outlines the strategic priorities that will help us become the best so we can drive consistent, longterm, profitable growth. Strategic Priorities: Grow value of existing brands and expand our product portfolio responsibly, Transform our gotomarket model to improve efficiency and effectiveness and Attract, develop and retain a highly talented and diverse workforce.Values: Accountable: We do what we say we will do, Customerfocused: We succeed only when we exceed the expectations of our customers and Teamdriven: We win as a team, and do it the right way. Business model /ownership: The coca cola enterprise is a public limited company. Nevertheless the company sells shares to raise investment, and it is owned and controlled by the managing director and other employed staff to run the plant. The brand name of coca- cola is known globally- in most countries in the world including the United States of America and countries outside of Europe.Location of the business: The organisation of coca cola enterprise is located in Edmonton. Nevertheless it is located off the A406 which is situated off the Lee valley industrial estate. Sector of business: The sector of the coca cola enterprise is in the secondary and the tertiary sector. This is because; the factory buys raw materials from other companies such as sugar from Tate and Lyle and produces their beverages. Coca- Cola enterprise Edmonton also sells their products and offers a service to the customer in relation, to storage of the product and how best to market it.Size of the business: The size of coca cola enterprise in Edmonton is medium because, it employs approximately 226 staff, who works 9:00- 17:00 or shifts to keep the plants up run. Reta il channel: The coca cola enterprise in Edmonton is a bottling company. Nevertheless the retail channel is to allocate their products to other companies like supermarkets, warehouse, shops and other business. The appropriate of coca cola enterprise: It is a successful business and is running successful. It is appropriate because it is the only bottling factor in Edmonton. It is also suitable because it is it is on an industrial estate with other factories.

A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF CHALLENGES FACED BY MANAGERS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2717 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? There are different levels of management in the three different sectors of the economy. There are non-managerial employees, first-line managers, middle managers and the top managers. Robbins et al ;( 2009). This essay will critically evaluate the challenges faced by managers in the public sector organisations. The essay will assess the roles of the manager in this sector and the difficulties managers encounter whilst carrying out their duties. The challenges posed by organisational structure and design with an example from the Northampton Borough Council, the issues due to the organisational culture, privatisation of some of the public sector services, the strategic management of the public sector and the complexities due to the constant changing environment in which these organisations operate, and the challenges to managers of the most recent comprehensive budget cuts, will be evaluated in this essay. The typical roles of a manager in any organisation is to organise, lead, plan and control the activities of the people and other resources within it towards achieving the objectives of that organisation; Naylor (2004). The role a manager plays is dependent on the level of management position although each level has its challenges. At the senior level, the managers role is much broader and in depth and it requires creativity and innovativeness; Robbins et al (2009). The senior manager is involved in decision making, strategic management planning and control, the manager, at this level of management is expected to have an understanding of all areas of the organisation to enable sensible handling of any given situation Hanagan;(2008). The role of the manager did not change in the 21st century rather the method of carrying out the above mentioned roles are different, for instance the manager has to organise work differently, communication is more sophisticated such as, the use of internet, mobile telephones and e-mail. In recent times, the manageme nt of change is considered as the most important skill of management due to the pace of change in the 21st century Hanagan, (2008).The rapid changes in technology, enormous improvements in communication, the increase in focus on global economy, and the environment are issues to the modern day manager. In addition to the above, the role of the manager in the public sector is challenged by the constant changes in legislation and political policies subject to government in power Hanagan (2008). An organisation is an arrangement which has been set up for a particular purpose. Robbins et al (2009). Different organisations belong to different sectors of the economy. There are three sectors; the public, the private and the third sector such as social enterprises. This three sectors have some common characteristics which are: they all have distinct purpose, each organisation is made up of people, and all create a structure within which the people could carry out their duties Robbins et a l(2009). Organisations are grouped as public sector depending on certain factors such as; how much the organisation competes with similar organisations, goods and services are charged indirectly and how much it allows itself to be influenced by demand and supply of goods and services. The less such organisations are influenced by the above factors the more the organisations are considered as public sector organisations Hanagan (2008). Instances of these organisations are; Local Government council, Libraries, the National Police Force, the Defence Ministry, Colleges and Universities. The common features of these organisations are; they are set up to fulfil specific purposes, they are service motivated, they are accountable to many stakeholders and the public, they carry out their duties for the good of the people and they are funded through the use of taxpayers money. Avery important challenge to a manager whether in the public sector or in the private sector is to be aware of the ir relevant stakeholders and operate the organisation in ways which will yield maximum returns to each stakeholder group Bloisi et al (2007). The public sector organisation has a centralised organisational structure whereby authority and decision making is made at the senior managerial level. Organisational structure is a connected arrangement of positions and work units through which the important tasks of an organisation are subdivided and categorised to form decision centres from where the strategic plans of the organisation are carried out Bloisi et al (2007). Most of these organisations have a Matrix design structure which enables double responsibility and reporting roles with particular projects. Bloisi et al (2007). The managers in the matrix organisation are challenged by the constant need to resolve conflicts due to differences in perspectives and priority Bloisi et al (2007). For instance, the organisational structure of the Northampton Borough Council has over five man agerial levels of management. According to Nicole Macdonald, a HR Manager Strategy with the council, one of the challenges they have is getting approval to carry out plans as quickly as possible. The council has about forty-seven councillors through whom decisions are made. These councillors represent different political fronts. Sometimes it is difficult to reach a consensus on certain issues and therefore arriving at a decision is elongated said, Cassie Triggs, a Democratic Chief Executive Services Manager at the Northampton Borough Council. The manager in the private sector will in relation to their organisational structure which is much flatter be able to arrive at a decision much quicker. Private sector organisational structures are designed to embrace the pace of changes in technology and also to survive. Flatter structure allows for incorporation of ideas from almost every employee in the organisation Bloisi et al (2007). The manager in the private sector will be challenge d by how to control an employee who is working from home and coming to the place of work only one day in a working week Naylor (2004). Included in the challenges encountered by managers in the public sector are challenges due to the cultural beliefs of the organisation. Organisational culture is the way we do things around here Robbins et al (2009). According to Meek (1988), organisational culture could be used as a means to find out how people behave in a complex setting Hanagan, (2008). Organisational culture can be something abstract or peoples perception and experience within an organised setting. According to Stacey, the culture of any group of people is that set of beliefs, customs, practices and ways of thinking that they have come to share with each other through being and working together. Hanagan (2008). According to Handy, there are four major types of organisational cultures; the power culture in which the power and authority is from one person in a central position, the role culture which is labelled as a bureaucracy where the role of the individual specialists are more important than position and power, the task culture is about the activity which is being carried out and lastly the person culture which focuses more on what individuals do in a particular setting Mullins (2005). The challenge of managing cultural change in a public sector organisation will depend on how strong the existing culture is and the weight of the proposed change Hanagan (2008).The difficulty is in bringing about the change. For instance the Further and Higher Education Act which made colleges and higher education in England to become Corporate Bodies Limited by Guarantee indicates that organisational culture can be overtaken by accountability to more prominent stakeholders as the organisation would want to survive Hanagan (2008). The challenge is even more where there is existence of subcultures within the organisation. For decades, Public organisations have been ma naged by people who have been raised into managerial positions through years of service to the organisation, for instance; football clubs were managed by ex-footballers, and schools were managed by former teachers, local government council by people who were promoted through long years of service Hanagan (2008). There are difficulties faced by managers moving from the private sector to the public sector. The manager from the private sector is more focused on profits and accounting to shareholders, decision making is simplified, there is much flexibility and autonomy, there is power and authority attached therefore, the challenge to the private sector manager moving into the public sector will be changing the profit making, quick decision making mindset, there is less power and authority, no flexibility and autonomy Hanagan (2008). These challenges are not without approaches with which the managers could use to minimise them. For instance, the managers could use the recruitment pr ocess to recruit people who will fit into the existing culture, by the method of questioning they are made aware of what is important in the organisation, the induction process, promotion policy, training and development Hanagan (2008). Following the challenges posed by organisational structure, design and culture, are the challenges which managers face with the move of the UK government in the 1980s to privatise some of the services of the public sector when they realised that the costs of providing services were becoming too much, costs were weighing much on National budgets and the motive to make public sector organisations to work more effectively and efficiently Hanagan (2008). The move gave rise to such contractual arrangements as the Public Private Partnership (PPP) and the London underground contractual arrangement which came from a simpler Private Finance Initiative (PFI) which was set up to establish contracts between the local authority controlled London Underground an d Tubelines and Metronet Hanagan (2008). Privatisation as defined by Bryan Hurl (1992), is the sale of government owned equity in nationalised industries or other commercial enterprises, to private investors with or without the loss of government control of the organisation. There are three methods which have been used by the government, these are; denationalisation which is the sale of public sector assets, deregulation which is removal of barriers to entry to a previously protected market to allow private enterprises to compete and franchising whereby the public sector provides the finance and the private sector provide the services Hurl (1992). One of the key principles of managing resources to deliver better services is by setting up strong partnerships which means that various departments of the public sector are relying on other public, private and third sector to deliver public services, these organisations, most of the time may have better expertise and better underst anding of the needs of the citizens Bourn (2003, p26). The increasing difficulty with which public services are delivered is a challenge. According to the National Audit Office, delivery of public services are no longer the duty of a single department for instance, different organisations are involved in provision of criminal justice such as the police, the crown prosecution service, the forensic Science service and the courts. Changes in economic conditions and unforeseen circumstances could place much demand for public services, for instance, the sudden rise in unemployment during the most recent inflationary period. The volume and value of benefits payment made by the job centre plus or the unexpected foot and mouth disease and its effect to the public requires a good resource management Bourn (2003 p18). Some of the services provided by the public sector organisations are; Defence by the Army, Public Health by the NHS, Direct service delivery agencies which handle payments of benefits, issuing of prescriptions and National insurance numbers, processing of student loans, access to heritage, museums and galleries, developing frameworks for other service providers such as regulation of educational standards, teacher training and social housing, promotion of business opportunities abroad, transport integration, purchasing information technology systems and professional services and others. The challenge to the manager is the ability to coordinate and monitor the different service chains involved in the delivery of public services and also the difficulty in ensuring that resources are channelled appropriately to the provision of the most required service Bourn (2003 p.20) . Strategic thinking, planning and continuous are important in every organisation Bloisi et al (2007). Strategic thinking means being able as a manager to device ways to balance both the human, technical and the limited resources of the organisation and the environmental forces Blois i et al (2007). The public sector manager has no power and authority, no autonomy and flexibility and therefore may not have as much influence in the decision making as their counterpart in the private sector Hanagan (2008). Strategic management is used in the public sector to find out schedules of activities in the sector which fit into the political agendas taking into consideration the politicians who might be looking for quick returns which they can point to as their successes and achievements Hanagan (2008). This means that the strategic planning has to be short term. There is lack of clarity in relation to what the manager is trying to achieve. There is the constant challenge to the manager in the public sector as to whether you are trying to fulfil your statutory obligation, please the politicians, follow the directions of the board or the people for whom the services were meant for. The manager in the public sector is challenged as he cannot change or alter the system. Th ere are too many stakeholders, interest groups to satisfy in the public sector therefore the manager in this sector has to device different kinds of ways to deliver information to the different groups in the public who believes they have a stake in the public sector, such methods are through, governing bodies, advisory committees, taskforces, public meetings and public announcements Hanagan (2008). The manager in the private sector uses strategic management to review actions, slow down processes and hence make changes where necessary, the manager in the private sector has a profit making mindset and therefore considers product viability, the private sector manager has power and authority, flexibility and autonomy and therefore decision making is quicker. The private sector manager is accountable to shareholders Bloisi et al (2007). The public sector is funded by the government and the managers are accountable to whichever ruling political party at any given time. According to the National Audit Office, before the 1998 public service agreements, different departments were funded annually with some exception such as the Department of Health, so there was uncertainty as to whether funding will be the same as the previous year or reduced or increased. This was a challenge to managers as there was no certainty with the flow of funds to make long term plans as the private sector with assurance of long term financing. The agreement was set out with the awareness of the aims, ideals and targets of the various departments Bourn (2003 p.20). Assessed so far are internal factors which challenge managers in the public sector however there are certain external factors which managers have to contend with as well. Some of these are; the speed of technology which has affected every process in organisations irrespective of sector, the force of competing interests who are not ordinary rivals to gain customers but those seeking for resources and those trying to make their points to be heard and the fluctuations in social behaviour which starts with movements in peoples expectations and values Bloisi et al (2007). Finally, managers are currently facing challenges due to the recent comprehensive budget cut. There is greater demand for services however there are fewer resources to meet demand. It is morally challenging to managers to prioritize who to help and who not to In conclusion, Suggested approaches from management science which could alleviate some of the challenges are; the systems approach and contingency approach. With systems approach, managers could discuss their departmental needs in terms of the general organisational requirement. The use of this approach requires open communication and the removal of barriers between the individual departments, also the approach shows management consideration of all the systems involved, synergy that is the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, open and closed systems, limits, movements of information, materials and feedback through which the manager could monitor and evaluate progress reports Hanagan (2008). The second recommended approach is the contingency approach. This approach says that different problems requires different ways of solving them it all depends on how much experience the manager has because what might work well in one situation may not work well in another situation Hanagan (2008). Application of this approach requires that the manager recognises several view points, one of which is the pragmatic view point. Pragmatic viewpoint says that no approach is generally acceptable which means that the manager has to check the motives for every action taken for instance, the services being delivered, the availability of equipment required and also the internal and external environment Hanagan (2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF CHALLENGES FACED BY MANAGERS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR" essay for you Create order