Human Trafficing: Are We Doing Enough? Essay

Human trafficking has been around for the same amount of time as inequality among people; so basically, all of human history. People are bought and sold, and treated and traded like objects. This has always been part of our society, however dominate. Slavery, prostitution, illegal aliens – all of these things have roots in human trafficking. Since ancient Egypt, when thousands of Hebrews were forced build the pyramids, to present day Italy where hundreds of women are forced to submit their bodies every day. We are thankfully becoming less and less tolerant of this cruel practice in the modern world. Yet, because our tendency to look the other way, to pretend to not know the truth, hundreds upon thousands of people are still being trafficked every year, some right under our nose here in America. We’ve created anti-trafficking laws, passports, citizenship papers, as well as heightened border patrols and increased airport security. There are those who would have you believ e that this is enough – it isn’t. Many people see the fact that human trafficking is slightly declining as a sure sign of success. But like so many other things in the world, our nation’s economy, the availability of jobs, and the price of gas; human trafficking like all these things has fluctuation. Traffickers will find ways around our barriers, loopholes in the system, what have you – unless we stop this for good. Moreover, it is incorrect to say for sure that this problem is declining. How does one even come to that conclusion? Fewer traffickers are being caught so it’s obviously getting better – I’m not buying it. With human trafficking being what it is, underground, unspoken, unnoticed – we can never be sure of all of the statistics. And another frightening thought to explain this suggested decline: Perhaps have traffickers have just developed new smuggling methods and new ways of bypassing security. That would mean that more people are being trafficked then we currentl y estimate and that the problem may actually be increasing instead of decreasing. As stated earlier, prostitution, both legal and illegal forms, has very close ties to human trafficking. This can be seen mainly in several countries of Europe. While prostitution may not be legal across the whole continent, the countries in which it is have shown a distinctly higher rate of trafficked women. As author and activist Christine Stark states on Justice Talking, a National Public Radio station, â€Å"†¦What we have found is that legalization has caused an increase in the trafficking into the area where the legalization exists. The state then becomes the pimp.† Obviously, places where prostitution in legalized is going to have a higher demand for prostitutes, thus increasing the illegal trafficking of women there. Though it may sound like a radical idea in some parts of the world, the apparent solution here would be to ban prostitution everywhere, which would be much more of a possibility if people understood its effects. The U.S. Department of State in 2007 June issue of the â€Å"Trafficking in Humans Report† stated, â€Å"†¦prostitution is inherently harmful and dehumanizing and fuels trafficking in persons.† With any luck, people will start to accept this as a fact that it is rather than the opinion some see it to be. Another product of human trafficking is illegal immigration, or people living in countries unlawfully. Illegal immigration has a number of negative effects on a nation’s economy as well as its society. These illegal immigrants or aliens as they have come to be known, have quite a few disputes surrounding them. First is the argument of whether or not it is correct to use the term â€Å"illegal alien.† Though still an ongoing dispute, the side for it seems to have a lot more accreditation. Assessed January 18, 2007 on illegalaliens.us, â€Å"Calling an illegal alien an undocumented immigrant is like calling a burglar an uninvited house guest.† There’s also the threat of terrorism and terrorist attacks that comes with having undocumented people in a nation. And let’s not forget the public work force’s valid scare, the fact that illegal immigrants steal jobs from those people who reside in that country legally. All these things point back to human trafficking and the damage it causes wherever it goes. The U.S. itself has 11 million undocumented people living in its borders. That’s 11 million people we don’t have any records of, no information about, no accounts of any kind for. We need to put a stop to illegal immigration here and now, or it’s only going to get worse. What have we learned thus far? Prostitution is morally wrong and fuels the trafficking of women everywhere. Illegal immigration is a huge detriment to a nation’s economy and society. Human trafficking is like a slow moving hurricane, bringing terrible destruction wherever it goes. If something is not about this problem soon, we cannot hope to improve as a nation. If something is not done about this problem now, we cannot hope to improve as people.

Macy’s Private Label Case Study Essay

There are several private labels and several independent brand labels within Macy’s often amongst each other as a clever marketing technique. However what will attract customers to Macy’s is not the high priced brands but rather their private label brands that often closely mock the established brand style but for a much cheaper price point. People shopping at Macy’s are seeking a deal; otherwise they could shop at Nordstrom’s for a pair of 150-dollar jeans so people often come for the private labels. Macy’s private labels are very clever because of their strategic placing which leads me to say that the private labels are more lucrative to the company than the major brands are. Starting with major brand DKNY which Macy’s sells their mission statement is, â€Å"The mission of the Donna Karan Company, as a design driven company, is to represent the international pulse of New York in the design, marketing and delivery of a complete lifestyle system to a global customer†. DKNY is all about marketing to the New York style consumer who keeps up with East Coast styles and also runs on the more expensive side with a dress averaging around 200 dollars and jeans around 150 dollars. Although the brand is very trendy and made with quality materials one would expect at that price, it simply isn’t really the Macy’s target market. Macy’s consumer expects to shop for deals on the cheaper end as opposed to going to a competitor on the pricey side such as Nordstrom or Bloomingdales. However Macy’s is very strategic in the placing of this brand because it’s generally right next to their private label INC and that proves smart because someone who loves a 300-dollar dress from DKNY can walk over a few feet to INC and find one very similar for much, much less. INC is also urban inspired young contemporary clothing however at a much cheaper price point than the clothing at DKNY. The average price for a dress from the INC department at Macy’s costs from 70-100 dollars. Macy’s is very strategic in merchandising and generally will place INC directly next to brands such as DKNY so that when someone falls in love with that 300 dollar cocktail dress they can ask an associate for something similar and walk a few feet over to the INC department and get the same look for about 200 dollars less. This is smart because Macy’s typical consumer is on the lower end of the financial spectrum and they know people want expensive looks for less money. They use the name brands as bait and lure shoppers in to ultimately buy something from a similar private label, which consumers love because they feel like they are getting a great deal. The INC marketing strategy is very clever and brings in more money than their brand name labels. Overall, INC has the better marketing strategy between the two labels because although people value quality they will take a great deal even if it means sacrificing a bit of quality. The clothing is just as trendy and it’s what ultimately brings in Macy’s target market consumers because they are generally shopping for a great deal. This strategy of using brand names as bait has been the central reason for their success because their goal of maintaining reasonable price points for their customers is prevalent through their private label brands. It’s similar to if you are at the grocery store and want a box of Lucky Charms for 4 dollars then next to it is the same cereal but the store’s private label brand such as Kirkland for only 2 dollars. It’ll taste just a little bit different but not enough to tell the difference off the bat. INC clearly isn’t the same quality of material as a 300-dollar DKNY dress; however at a glance no one can really tell if it’s DKNY or INC it just looks good and this is what matters to consumers at the end of the day. Macy’s should implement more private label brands because these are what make the sales for them. INC wins over DKNY because someone shopping at Macy’s is statistically proven due to finances to be more likely to buy a less expensive private label brand than the pricey brand name item.

Into the World Billy Elliot Essay

The life stage of entering a new world is crucial for oneself, in requiring an individual to adopt optimistic branches in a plethora of life aspects. This perception is successfully conveyed through Stephen Daldry’s 2000 drama motion picture, Billy Elliot, and is assisted by the director’s application of the tools of film production. In enhancing the perspective communicated through J. C. Burke’s 2005 Australian novel, The Story Of Tom Brennan, the film clearly demonstrates the benefits of moving into the world. The composer applies metaphorical mise-en-scene in establishing the notion that the lack of progressive connections forms barriers from entering a new world. The issue of family breakdown is communicated through Daldry’s use of the kitchen’s mise-en-scene where Mrs Wilkinson and Tony Elliot argue. The confined placement of objects, as well as low lighting, forms an overwhelming atmosphere, shaping the hardships faced by these shattered relationships. This is also delivered through Daldry’s motif of a brick wall that metaphorically encloses Billy from venturing into the world. As Billy Elliot lacks a female role model, he is faced with barriers such as violence, which lowers both self-esteem, and optimistic perceptions. Likewise, this complements the character of Theresa Brennan and Burke’s notion that one must develop strong relationships in order to venture into the world. Constructing positive relationships and renewing one’s sense of self is central in the phases of metamorphosing into the world, as supported by Daldry’s use of camera shots and symbolism. A constantly progressive process of entering the world is supported by Daldry’s long shots of roads and bridges, which enhance the idea of travelling forward. This is linked to The Story Of Tom Brennan and Tom’s constructive relationship with Brendan, as seen through his matured response in discovering the homosexuality of his uncle. The effective use of symbolism communicates a growth in character development, in contrasting the end results of the sub-journeys. The pathetic fallacy of rain, snow and clouds illustrates a strangling vibe that barricades Billy from entering the world, as a result of self-doubt, a lack of identity, and a lack of role models. This contrasts to the cross shots of Billy Elliot’s confident body language through dancing and breaking through doors, as well as the low angle shots of Billy ascending stairs, metaphorically into a new world. A final stage of entering the world is confirmed through Daldry’s layered long shot of Billy and his father walking down a path, which leads towards an oceanic horizon. This complements the intimate, final moments of The Story Of Tom Brennan, in which Tom admits to have found himself through his relationship with Chrissy, as juxtaposed to his first, adverse impression of moving into the new town of Coghill. Stephen Daldry is shown to successfully convey the process of venturing into the world, in elaborating on the progression of self and multiple bonds. By effectively applying the elements of cinematography, in a metaphorical manner, the director both enhances and complements the developing vibe, as communicated in J. C. Burke’s novel, The Story Of Tom Brennan. For one to enter a new world, it is therefore communicated that one must adopt affirmative perceptions of their present world.

Review Based on the Book Educational Studies Essay

Review Based on the Book Educational Studies - Essay Example Within the context of this paper, I will discuss how community, family, technology, society, and relationships all have a strong effect on the quality of education children get and whether they decide to go to college. The quality of the education a child gets also determines if they become lifelong learners, leaders, and have confidence in themselves and their abilities as they grow and develop throughout life. Family, society, and classmates all play a significant role in how children develop their sense of self and their self-esteem (Sharp, Ward, and Hankin, 2009). The development of this sense of self has a strong impact on the ability of the child to excel in academics, sports, and it will also affect their thoughts on higher education (Sharp, Ward, and Hankin, 2009). Children that have low self-esteem tend to think poorly about their abilities and may not think they are capable of learning the complex curriculum taught in today’s schools. A strong sense of self enables t he child to have the courage to explore their surroundings, engage in activities, and develop their sense of self (Sharp, Ward, and Hankin, 2009). Culturally responsive teaching is an important factor in helping young children learns to develop a positive sense of self (Sadker and Zittleman, 2009). From birth, children are gathering knowledge of their own culture from the people around them and they use this information in the development of their self-image (Sharp, Ward, and Hankin, 2009). ... Biological factors include inherited or genetic traits, personality or temperament, and physical and health attributes, like disabilities or premature birth (Sorte, Daeschel, and Amador, 2011). These factors don’t just play an influential role in the development of the child, but can also have a negative affect on the relationship that the child has with their caregivers (Sorte, Daeschel, and Amador, 2011). Environmental factors include the child’s family, the neighborhood they live in, and the presence of environmental toxins, like second-hand smoke (Sorte, Daeschel, and Amador, 2011). These factors can effect a child’s social and emotional development by adding stress to the child’s family life (Sorte, Daeschel, and Amador, 2011). Relationships with other children that are not related to them and the values and attitudes of their teachers add additional influences to the child’s development (Sharp, Ward, and Hankin, 2009). All these influences are the effects of socialization or the child’s nurturing environment (Sharp, Ward, and Hankin, 2009). The nature of the child is determined mostly by biological factors and plays a vital role in the way the child learns (Sharp, Ward, and Hankin, 2009). Programs that create supportive environments, provide time for unstructured play, and allow the child to establish caring relationships with others will help the child gain the tools they need to be successful in the future (Sorte, Daeschel, and Amador, 2011). The standards of a supportive environment are: small group sizes, developmentally appropriate curriculum, competent instructors, and parents that are involved with the child’s

The Effectiveness of Diversity Management Essay

The Effectiveness of Diversity Management - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that the objectives of diversity management in the workplace relate to the creation of a positive work environment that contributes in the mutual growth of the organization and the members involved. Similarly the objectives of organizational diversity also reflect on effectively collaborating the differences and likelihood of the perceptions of the different people to help achieve the organizational goals and business objectives. It thus works as a method aiming to synchronize the knowledge, experiences, expectations and the understanding of the different organizational members to arrive at a common solution that has a larger potential than business solutions generated on an individual level. This paper highlights that the effectiveness of the diversity management in the workplace stems out from the fact that it contributes in promoting the growth and development at the individual level thereby helping the people to think and act in a creative and innovative fashion in the organization. Management of a diverse workforce in an organization also contributes in promoting the growth of teamwork such that it helps in the sharing of knowledge, experiences and thoughts between the different team members thereby enhancing their skills, expertise, motivation and confidence levels in meeting organizational objectives. Diversity management in the workplace is generated through the generation of training to the employees based on different languages.

Balance Score Card Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Balance Score Card - Essay Example 10). Niven highlights the importance of the BSC in allowing ‘an organisation to translate its mission into concrete objectives that align all employees (2006, p. 93).’ The Balanced Scorecard is a document that integrates the vision, mission and objectives of the organisation and provides a dashboard view of the status of the many initiatives being taken towards organisational goals. The initiatives are drilled down from a larger purpose based on financial performance and customer appreciation. Initiatives that seem to go off-course, can be brought back on track with this approach. This method allows the organisation to steer the course and make immediate changes to plans in the face of unforeseen business circumstances. The dashboard view allows the organisation to foresee chosen methods that need to change and enables immediate action. On the other hand, an organisation may devise plans to provide flexible schemes to attract different customer types. The cost versus flexibility advantage is continuously tracked and the customer is enabled to take an immediate decision regarding this strategic initiative. Drury (2004) points out that this approach provides a snapshot of four perspectives: the financial perspective brings out past performance while the customer perspective involves looking inward to understand the customer’s view of the company. The internal process perspective forces an external view of the impact of adopted processes and the learning and growth perspective provides a view to the future and the organisational capability in harnessing and progressing internal intelligence (p. 1005). This approach also provides the business with measures to gauge past performance and likely future performance. Lead measures should provide a prediction of lagging measures (Niven, 2006, p. 144). The combined use of these measures helps the

MST 203 Marketing Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MST 203 Marketing Coursework - Essay Example It is irrefutable that this principle also changes the role and function of marketing managers in the business organization. Marketing management is defined as the "analysis, planning, implementation, and control of programs designed to create, build, and maintain beneficial exchanges with target buyers for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives (Kotler & Armstrong 2001, p.14)." Truly, the business arena has evolved from placing emphasis on production, product improvements, and selling approaches and started to focus on customers. Marketing management functions now covers how a company can create and extend more valuable goods and services to each customer. Tesco PLC is the largest British retailer based on both global and local shares. Traditionally, the UK-based international retailer specializes only in the distribution of food products but it currently adds other goods and services to its product portfolio which ranges from clothing to consumer electronics to consumer financial services to internet services to internet service and consumer telecom. Last February 26, the company announced a total annual turnover of 33.974 billion and reported a pre-tax profit of 1.962 billion. It is estimated that in every 8 UK retail sales, 1 is spent on Tesco. Tesco is currently one of the world recognized retailers. As marketing is an essential aspect of a business organization, it is irrefutable that Tesco's success can be attributed on how it manages its marketing activities. This report will specifically look at the management activities and decision which named the company as the #5 largest retailer in the global arena. Marketing at a Strategic Level Strategic planning is one of the essential marketing management activities undertaken by Tesco PLC. Accordingly, Tesco PLC's commitment in effectively marketing its products is mirrored in the way it crafts its mission, vision, and goals. Tesco states its mission as "Our core purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty (Our Core Purpose)." This statement is further expressed in two key values known as "No one tries harder for the customer," and "Treat people as we like to be treated (Our Core Purpose)." With these statements and values as guides in conducting their business operations, Tesco PLC undoubtedly lays a strong foundation in marketing its products and services. Recently, the company launched its new simplified marketing strategy which is a response to the increasing complexity of operations due to the rapid growth of its stores, range of products, intense competition, and new customer demographics. These factors, along with other challenges make it relatively more difficult and longer for Tesco to make important decisions. Thus, simplifying their marketing strategy into three words which contains the core value and purpose of the company is seen to be beneficial. Tesco PLC's new marketing strategy is encapsulated into three words-Every Little Helps. Every Little Helps reflects the company's recognition that it has a huge feat to accomplish and that every little [effort] helps in reaching its goals.

Analyzing Different Sources of Recruitment Assignment

Analyzing Different Sources of Recruitment - Assignment Example Some of the most widely used sources of recruitment include both internal and external sources. The internal sources include internal company database, employee reference s. The external sources of recruitment include internet/ online mediums, Employment agencies, educational institutions, job fairs and ads in print media. This section of the study looks to provide a comparative analysis of all the sources (Bhattacharya, 2009, p. 225). Some of the major advantages of using internal sources are: The overall morale of the employees are quite high, The Company can assess the attitude towards work as well as ability due to prior work actions. The internal recruiting sources are much less costly than the external sources. Internal recruiting can work as a motivating force for good performances by the existing employees. The process of internal recruiting usually aids the succession planning process, future promotions as well as career development. The firm can actually hire people at the entry level and then move those employees up the ladder based on experience and performance. This will help the company to retain employees and save cost. There are some disadvantages of internal recruitment also. The inbreeding of employees may lead to a less diverse workforce. People not getting promotions may experience a low degree of morale; some may actually indulge in a political tug of war. Most of the time developmental progra ms are required to transfer employees into a supervisory role. Managers may resist employees being promoted to other departments. Employment agencies are organizations that bridge the gap between employers and employees. Such agencies provide advantages to employees as well as employers. Employees can have look at offers that are not advertised, reduces the cost and time involved in sending CV to the employers. It provides a lot more choices of companies and industries to the employers.

Historic Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Historic Sustainability - Essay Example It is worth noting that the prices of tea in the world market is falling drastically day by day, which have had nasty implications not only to the producers but also to the workers. All stakeholders need to join hands in unison and address the issue finally. The inauguration of tea as a major drink has been a milestone in not only the economic development of India but also worldwide countries. Essentially, tea has become a core part of majority of people’s daily lives. History shows that the current tea bushes did grow as wild vegetation in India. The natives’ settlers in India had a tendency of utilizing it in form of vegetables. It was a popular component of a locally made soup. Tea consumption has recorded an impressive evolution over time. This is an indicator of its crucial importance as a world’s second consumed drink. In India, tea remains the leading drink. It is available almost everywhere and all the times. Indian tea is named according to the region it emanates from (Hicks, 2009, pg. 253). Having been in the market for 172 years, Indian tea remains detrimental to the economy of the country. The industry is the backbone of the economy, employing millions of its citizens in diverse fields and bringing up an impressive foreign exchange count. The core tea growing regions in India are the highlands located in Eastern and Southern states. Its contribution to the Gross Domestic product is renowned. Its exports does account for 31% of the global tea production (Lutgendorf, 2012, pg. 14). The last 20 years have seen tea sector in India stabilize, gaining popularity in the world markets despite stiff competition from other countries. India remains both the largest consumer and producer of tea. 85% of its population consume tea. The country also account for at least 27% of the tea produced worldwide. Its exports account to 13% of

Language Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Language Acquisition - Essay Example From the essay it is clear that infants have an innate capacity to learn the grammar of a specific language as all intelligible languages are based on grammatical rules that are common and corresponds to the ability of the human brain. The stages of acquisition of the native language are measured by originality and increasing complexity of children utterance. At first, infants overgeneralize grammatical rules. For example, they may say â€Å"goed† trying to mean went, a form infants are unlikely to have perceived, suggesting that they have deduced or intuited complex grammatical rules and failed to apprehend exceptions that cannot be anticipated from a grammatical knowledge. According to the study findings an applied linguist studies acquisition of foreign or second language. Learning a second or foreign language involves passing through some stages. These include the overgeneralization stage similar to infants learning their mother language. According to researcher Haynes, learning the second language involves passing through some stages such as early production, preproduction, speech emergence, advanced fluency and intermediate fluency. About preproduction stage, learners are yet to converse with their second language. In the second stage, learners speak in short phrases. In the emergence speech stage, learners increase their vocabulary and can converse with simple phrases or questions.

Influence of the development of low carbon infrastructure in future Essay - 1

Influence of the development of low carbon infrastructure in future - Essay Example s carbon emissions would mean that certain tradeoffs must be made between meeting the societal needs the way they were traditionally met, and achieving the new objective. In this respect, the Civil engineering profession has a role to play in developing structures that will be productive at the same rate as the traditional and current structures, may it be in terms of energy, safety or economic production, but which reduces the carbon emission to the lowest level possible. Carbon emission is an occurrence that is associated with every stage of the civil engineers project development work, starting from the design face, all the way to the construction, usage, maintenance and the dismantling of the infrastructure (ICE, 2011:7). Thus, the role of the civil engineers in the development of low carbon infrastructure must start right from the design face, until the structure is completed and put in use. Thus, these are the several ways through which the civil engineers can influence the dev elopment of low carbon infrastructure: The application of more carbon intensive technology during the construction face is one of the ways through which the civil engineers can contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions by the structure in its lifetime. This is because; the use of more carbon intensive means that there will be significantly reduced usage of carbon during the phase of usage of the infrastructure that has been developed (ICE, 2011:3). Therefore, considering the fact that the time span utilized in the development of an infrastructure is too short compared to the life time use of the infrastructure, it follows that the use of more carbon intensive during construction will help to reduce the overall future emission of the structure during its prolonged lifetime (ICE, 2011:4). Therefore, the greatest influence of the civil engineers in the development of the low carbon infrastructure can be realized at the project appraisal stage, which will help the civil engineer

Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice Essay Collins and many of the other characters mentioned within the novel. Social class also determines who one may marry, and this plays an extremely significant role within the lives of Jane and Elizabeth Bennet. Jane Bennet is a crucial character within Pride and Prejudice. She portrays the role of Elizabeth Bennet’s one and only older sister. Jane is considered to be â€Å"†¦ the only handsome girl in the room,† by Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, and this occurs at the ball which is held in Netherfield. At this ball, she dances with a man by the name of Mr. Bingley, a man of large fortune who is described as being â€Å"†¦good looking and gentlemanlike; †¦pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners† (Austen 6). As a result of the ball, Mr. Bingley and Jane spend more time together, and it is assumed that they are together, as a couple. Mr. Bingley has two sisters who act all sisterly-like towards Jane, and then crush her heart by saying that Bingley will not return to Netherfield, and will most likely find Mr. Darcy’s sister more handsome and agreeable than Jane. This is done by the Bingley sisters most likely because of Jane’s lower social status, and they would not want their brother marrying a sort of peasant girl, or a girl who is of a much lower status than himself. Due to social class in society at this time, Jane ends up getting her heart crushed, which is sad and tragic for a woman during this time period, especially when the woman has feelings for such a suitor. Should a woman show her feelings for a suitor, and then that suitor goes off and marries another, the reputation of the first woman and her family is, in a sense, ruined. Elizabeth Bennet is the main female character whom the story revolves around. She is treated in a very similar manner as Jane; however, Jane is treated with more compassion and seems to be loved more by everyone, whereas Elizabeth is the least liked of the five daughters in the Bennet family, and people tend to pass her up. Due to her social stature, as well as her reputation as being the least liked and less handsome, Elizabeth is treated the way she is. She is, in a way, treated as an inferior to Jane due to all of the factors mentioned previously. Elizabeth is also put down in many ways. Considering that she is less handsome than her sister, she is, in a way, a target of insult for Darcy, as he says that she is not good enough or pretty enough to grab his attention (7). In all, Elizabeth leads a rather ‘difficult’ life, not being recognized by her peers or by suitors who should really be so lucky to have her. Pride within Pride and Prejudice is seen as a common theme throughout the whole novel. Pride is what causes people to behave the way they do, acting arrogant and egotistical. Pride contributes to how people view society, believing that one is better than the rest of society and being conceited. Pride is what causes feuds most of the time, turning one against another with the argument that one is better than the other in many aspects. Prejudice, contrary to pride, is not seen quite as often. However, prejudice, although not as common, follows similar principles as pride. Prejudice causes people to behave the way they do, believing that a certain social class, ethnicity, or gender is inferior to one’s own. Prejudice also contributes to how people view society, again, believing that a certain characteristic contributes to where people stand on the social ladder. Prejudice, just like pride, can cause feuds by causing one party to believe that the other party is inferior to them, and is usually based on the factors of social class, ethnicity, or gender. Austen most likely made the decision of having pride appear frequently, whereas prejudice is practically nowhere to be found, in order to make note of the difference between the two terms. Pride is seen used more often by Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, whereas prejudice is seen commonly used by Miss Elizabeth Bennet. Elizabeth Bennet, throughout the novel, shows signs of prejudice against Mr. Darcy in particular. When they appear at the ball in Netherfield, Austen states, â€Å"His character was decided. He was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world, and every body hoped that he would never come there again† (6). It is then later stated that â€Å"†¦Elizabeth remained with no very cordial feelings towards him† (7). Elizabeth, in a way, holds a grudge against Darcy, always thinking negatively of him and putting him down in her eyes. This action of making it seem that he is, in a sense, inferior to her, represents her prejudice against him. Mr. Darcy shows pride in practically everything he does. He is a conceited, arrogant man, who believes that nothing is good enough for him. He exhibits this belief when he is at the Netherfield ball, and his friend, Mr. Bingley, points out that Darcy should dance with Elizabeth. Darcy replies, â€Å"She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (7). Darcy’s reputation for being full of pride is known all throughout the town, and it is said by one of Darcy’s old friends that â€Å"†¦almost all his actions may be traced to pride;-and pride has often been his best friend† (55). It is also assumed that, when his friend says that even Darcy’s sister is â€Å"-very, very proud,† that the whole Darcy lineage must be a very prideful family (56). During this time period in which Pride and Prejudice takes place, marriage was not decided on the basis of love. When one would get married, it was either for financial gain or social status. Mrs. Bennet, the mother in the novel, has only those two items on her mind when attempting to find suitors for her five daughters. She does not have even a sliver of empathy on how her decisions may potentially make her daughters’ lives miserable. Mr. Bennet, however, takes into account his daughters’ feelings when it comes to finding a suitor. Although he also has the thought of financial gain on his mind, his daughters always come first. He does, however, think of a plan. If Elizabeth were to marry Mr. Collins, Mr. Bennet’s nephew, the Bennet estate would remain in the family. The reason for this is because, during this time period, women could not inherit land. Seeing as Mr. Bennet had no sons, he gave the estate to his nephew. Now, if Elizabeth had accepted Mr. Collins’s proposal, the estate would have remained within the family. This is the only instance in which Mr. Bennet wants Elizabeth to marry a certain suitor. Retaining their estate and financial security is just one motive that may cause people to marry certain others. Mr. Wickham and Miss Charlotte Lucas, for instance, are two characters who get married throughout the novel, and both have, in a way, a hidden agenda for getting married. Miss Charlotte Lucas is a very close friend of Elizabeth, being the person who Elizabeth can confide in about anything. Charlotte is slightly older than Elizabeth, about seven years, and Charlotte feels that she is becoming a burden to her family. Being twenty-seven and unmarried, she wanted to free her family from herself, no longer being a bother to them. This is one of the motives that causes her to go off and marry Mr. Collins, Elizabeth’s cousin. She also becomes betrothed to Collins for financial security. Seeing as Collins would inherit the Bennet estate, this gave her the sense that they would not have to worry about finances, or anything of the sort. Charlotte views marriage in a peculiar way. She believes that marriage changes a person drastically, and that one can get married without having feelings for their partner at first. She thinks that a person, primarily a woman, should find a spouse and then grow to like them as time goes on. So, in reality, Charlotte believes that one can just rush into a marriage, and, in a sense, hope for the best. She does not believe in marriage should really occur on the basis of love. Charlotte also believes that â€Å"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance† (14). Charlotte honestly believes that one does not have to be happy in marriage. She would rather marry off well and have a rich husband, yet be miserable while with him, than be in a marital relationship with someone who she truly cares about, even if that someone is not particularly well off. This is, in a way, Charlotte’s reasoning for marrying Mr. Collins. Seeing as how Mr. Collins has financial stability, this makes him, to her, a rich man who is very well off. She decides then to rush into marrying him, even though mutual feelings between them do not exist. So, not only does Charlotte get married to Mr. Collins to get out of her parents’ hair, but also because of his status and financial stability, and everything that would make him a good suitor. These are her hidden motives behind getting married in such a hurry, and although it seems like it is the perfect life, Charlotte has, in reality, just cost herself a chance to find someone better and more qualified to be her spouse. George Wickham plays multiple roles throughout the novel. For one, he plays the role of Elizabeth’s love interest towards the beginning of the novel. He shows feelings towards her in return, and one would assume that they may be a match. This, however, is altered by the fact that Elizabeth, in the end, marries Darcy. Wickham also plays the role of an old friend of Darcy’s. Darcy’s father was like a father to Wickham, and Wickham always points out that Darcy was never fond of him, which, in a way, is true. It is also false, because Darcy was a friend of Wickham’s, until Wickham revealed his true self. Wickham also became estranged from Darcy when he tried to run off and elope with Darcy’s sister, Georgiana. Wickham does a similar thing in his third role, which is as Lydia Bennet’s husband. Although Lydia says she is in love with Wickham, Wickham does not necessarily return those feelings. Wickham only wants to prey on the innocence of Lydia. With the knowledge that Lydia is still practically a child, and is susceptible to believing anything, Wickham knows that he can do as he pleases with her, and she will not see anything wrong with the picture. Wickham also decided elopement for another reason. At this time, if a woman and man eloped, the money that the woman had to her name could be used freely by her husband with no safeguards, and this could in turn lead to some difficulties later in time. Wickham only views marriage on the basis of mooching and getting money as part of the dowry from her family. His hidden agenda is to get married in order to get money from the bride’s side of the family. Wickham is, all in all, a selfish man who shows people what they want to see, and not his true self.

Stereotypes And The Tourist Role Tourism Essay

Stereotypes And The Tourist Role Tourism Essay Introduction of tourism industry The hospitality and tourism industry is the worlds largest industry that has been growing significantly in the last few years. The noteworthy augmentation of the industry is attributed to many factors such as development of easy modes of transportation, changing demands of the people to visit various destination places, increasing need for exploring adventurous and artistic places worldwide and creation of tourist destinations in numerous countries for making the tourism industry an integral part of their economies (Bender, Gidlow Fisher, 2013; Wang, 1999). Since the tourism industry has gained huge importance, it has become a major area of study of the leading scholarly researchers. These specialists are doing extensive studies on the industry, the factors impacting its performance and the impact of tourist role on the destination images created by the tourism authorities in each country (Lim, 2007; Prentice, 2004). In order to study various aspects of the tourism industry, one school of thought is focussing on the socio-demographic characteristics and needs related to the specific styles of vacations or tourist roles (Cohen, 1974; Kim, 2009; McCabe, 2005). For instance, Yiannakis and Gibson (1999), cited by Nicoletta and Servidio (2012), established that the tourist roles preference is linked to the place where a person lives in his/her adult life. On the other hand, second school of thought is analysis the impact of stereotyping of tourist role on the discriminatory practices that are created by the authorities in the destination places (Lee, Law Murphy, 2011; Jacobsen et al., 2012). Hence, there is an enormous collection of work on the tourism industry, tourist role and the challenges faced by the players of the industry. Contribution of researchers in tourist studies In order to study the tourist role in the tourism industry, the researchers have utilised the anthropology study to generate an extensive body of theory that can provide assistance in defining and delimiting the object of study i.e. tourist. The classical theorists such as Cohen (1979), Horne (1992), Kadt (2001), Pearce (1982) and Smith (1978), cited by Heimtun (2007), have ascertained the relationship that exists between guests and hosts which means that they are created by developing a series of dichotomies such as locals/foreigners, stability/transience, production/consumption and work/leisure. Although these dichotomies do exist in the sector but it is important to conceptualize the role of tourist that has been mainly treated by the researchers in a negative way (Caru Cova, 2003; Frankin, 2003); the primary purpose is to make some beneficial contributions can be made in the field of research. The foremost aim of the studies related to tourists is not to defend them and close the eyes towards the negative aspects of the tourism but it should also highlight the positive aspects of the tourism and address the challenges that are encountered by the tourists during their visits in the destination places (Selstad, 2012). Various roles of tourist as depicted by researchers For decades, the tourists have been portrayed as the second-class citizens (Burner, 2001); this feeling of being considered as a dumb or unimportant person has been impacting the treatment of tourists worldwide. According to Jack and Phipps (2005), the local residents at destination places used to believe that tourists activities are lazy, dumb and fatuous. However, these conventional views about tourist behaviours have been challenged and many researchers have successfully revamped the tourist roles in the destination places and the shift has been made on studying the tourist experience (Dann, 2000). Uriely (2005) gave a review on the conceptual development of an excellent tourist experience that has received huge appreciation by the concerned authorities in the tourism industry. The researcher identified four developmental phases of the tourist roles: The tourism should be viewed as a separate activity from everyday life routine. There is a shift from the portrayal of tourists as homogenous people as a general form to multiplication of the depictions that are captured while tourism experience. A shift in focus for the objects displayed by the industry towards the negotiation of meanings in subjective way for determining the level of experience. A significant move from the decisive and contradictory academic information flow such as experience as moments of truths to harmonizing and virtual interpretations. The main problem in theories about the experience of tourist was that they lack focus on the term tourist role. Hence, the modern theorists started studying the tourist attitudes and behaviours that were depicted by their experiences in the destination places along with the stereotypes that were created among the tourist groups belonging to similar ethnic groups, religion, race, culture and etc. (Iverson, 2010). Stereotyping and prejudiced views of tourist role Since many researchers classified the tourist roles on the basis of their analysis, they created certain stereotypes about the tourist roles so that the tourist studies can be flourished. For instance, Cohen (1979) classified the tourist roles into four categories i.e. the explorer, the individual mass tourist, the drifter and the organised mass tourist. Jafari (2003) emphasised that the better classification of tourist roles can be stereotyped by adding behavioural characteristics such as takes photos, visits well-known places, pleasantly purchases souvenirs, tries local food, stays for some in one location and explores numerous destinations privately. From the studies of contemporary researchers, it is evident that they defined the role of tourists in accordance to their purpose of tourism; when there was increased focus on the tourism, there was less emphasis on treating tourist an individual. Cohen (1979) classified tourists into four broad groups such as recreational type, experimental type, existential type and experiential type. In each mode of tourism, the tourist wants to have some time off from everyday routine so that the energy can be revitalised and explore the culture and aesthetic offerings of the other countries that have distinctive norms, values and societies (Chok, Mcbeth Warren, 2007). The postmodern theorists have emphasised that the tourist roles have to be studied from the negotiated and subjective characteristics rather than rigid and reductionist perspectives that were done by contemporary researchers; their entire focus is on the tourist roles, meanings, attitudes and experiences. The recent terminology coined by Jacobsen and Munar (2012) is anti-tourist attitude which shows that the tourists want to be viewed in the role of tourist but want to keep a power distance when in this role. According to these researchers, the conception of anti-tourist role seems to challenge the tourists sense of individuality and identity; the role distance becomes of utmost importance to them as they want to maintain a feeling that each individual has different experience that can be entirely distinctive from all other players and occupants of the role (Litvin, Goldsmith Pam, 2008). It is believed that each tourist will have different sense of feelings in varying situations as each one of them has distinctive values, beliefs, preferences, attitudes and behaviours (Yang Wall, 2009). Most of the researchers have challenged the concept of stereotyping the tourist role on the basis of cultural differences or nationality because sometimes they often lead to misconceptions about tourist groups. For instance, it is believed that Japanese people cannot speak English and the tourist guide has to provide them assistance when communicating among the local residents; it is untrue in many situations as there are many Japanese people who can easily communicate in English. Likewise, there is a belief that Asian people like to eat their food items and dont prefer to try out the local food items of the destination place; it is a myth as well because there are many people who are looking forward to try out the new food items of the destination place (Selstad, 2012). Hence, the tourist roles should not be confined to the limited set of observations as every tourist has distinctive features and prefers to be treated in accordance to the individual personality possessed by the person. Rethinking the tourist role With the robust growth and development in the field of Internet, the tourist roles have changed to a great extent as the tourists have become information seekers and proficient in developing their own travelling packages. As they have easy access to the extensive range of details about various destination places, they ensure that they select the places in accordance to their own choices so that they have a marvellous time during their complete tourism (Selstad, 2012). The concerned authorities have to ensure that they even make proper use of the advertising mediums so that right message is communicated to the tourists. One key point that has to be given adequate attention is that the tourists should be treated as individual beings and they should be presented many alternatives so that they can have a sensational travelling experience. Conclusion From the studies of a wide array of theorists and researchers, it is evident that the tourist roles cannot be stereotyped as the tourists prefer to be treated as distinguished individuals and they avoid being viewed as aliens or strangers in the destination places. The tourism industries have to ensure that they offer the most astonishing experience to the visitors and offer them unlimited opportunities for carrying out their activities within the ethical boundaries of the country in accordance to the Law. Hence, the stereotypes have immense impact on the tourist role and it should be changed so that the tourists are willing to visit the place on repetitive basis and any conflicts in their views about tourism in the respective place are tackled properly.

Is globalization to be blamed for child labour

Is globalization to be blamed for child labour This paper addresses an issue that appears to be on the increase worldwide; Child Labour. Recent ILO estimates state that every seventh child in the world is engaged in working activities. Because of their familys financial difficulties these children are forced to give up their future in terms of education, health and leisure. This emphasises the importance to carry out further research and analysis on the phenomenon of child labour as well as come up with effective policy inventions in order to eliminate child labour. According to Basu (1999) designing policies should be based on careful analysis and research instead of underlying emotions or feelings towards child labour. It is extremely important to consider the precise definition of child labour before proceeding. There is immense heterogeneity in defining child labour as different groups view it differently. For example according to Ashagrie (1993) a child is categorised as labourer if the child is economically active. Then again we need to come to an agreement on what age group being a child consists of. Most studies however follow the ILOs convention No.138 and treat a person under 15 years old as a child and estimate child labour by observing economic activity of children under the age of 15. For the purpose of our study we will be looking at children between the ages 0-14. The aim of this paper is to discover the impact globalisation has had and is having on child labour. As globalization is a broad topic, I will be focusing specifically on trade liberalization, which plays an essential role within the globalization process. Liberalised trade had been the engine of capitalistic growth from colonial times; however globalization has led to a change in this pattern. Under colonialism, land conquest operated as a pre-condition and  (foreign) capital and (foreign) labour converged on land to produce goods for trade (e.g. plantation production). But, with globalization, capital is seeking investment outlets globally, where, besides marketing opportunities,  cheap labour is a key determinant. This has resulted in large scale foreign direct investment (FDI) with multi national corporations yielding the necessary structural change. LEDCs are keen to receive FDI and have gone to the extent of creating a suitable environment for such capital overlooking socia l issues.  The policy had been conducive for cheap labour in the form of children and women (e.g. garment industries within the FTZ in Sri Lanka). Economists argue that international trade is beneficial in terms of increasing the income of the country as well as creating job opportunities in the country. It is also one of the important sources of revenue for a developing country. But there is no denying that there may be losers from international trade too; for example the imports of cheap goods produced by low skilled workers may not only reduce the demand for those goods but also reduces employment opportunities for low skilled workers. Although trade can bring some disadvantages to a countrys economy, it is necessary that it does not effect the younger population who will determine the future of the economy. This paper investigates whether trade liberalization increases the incidence of child labour. Since our concern is working children, who are predominant in the developing world, my focus will be on developing countries specifically on India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The main reason for why it is interesting to consider these South Asian countries is due to the high proportion (40%) of the worlds child labour emerging from these countries as well as the rapid export growth monitored in these countries. One would expect a positive relationship between trade openness and child labour as more trade means more exports, which in turn means an increase in demand for labour; therefore, children enter the labour market. However this is an extremely generalised statement, the next section presents what the economic theory says about this matter. This study looks at a panel of 50 developing countries over a period of 4 decades to in order to observe the effect of trade on chil d labour. Another reason for the use of panel data is due to the fact that child labour is not a recent issue, it has been happening for several decades now, therefore it is interesting to see if there has been a trend over time. It also makes sense to observe the consequences of globalisation over time as there has been a rapid, continuous progress in information and technology which highly contributes to trade liberalization (Krugman 1995), especially in the 1980s when globalisation got in its stride. In order to test the effect of trade liberalization on child labour, a multiple regression analysis will be carried out using economic activity rate of children between 10-14 as the indicator for child labour and the countrys imports and exports (%GDP) as the measure of trade openness. In addition control variables such as GDP per capita and proportion of children between 0-14 as well as regional dummies are added to the regression. Data are mainly collected from the World Bank and UN common database. The report proceeds as follows. Chapter 2 reviews the theory of trade and how it is likely to affect child labour. The methods used to carry out the empirical analysis along with the description of the data used is described in chapter 3. The results and findings are presented in chapter 4 followed by the conclusions and possible policy recommendations in chapter 5. Theory Parents make the decisions regarding whether to send their children to school; they make these decisions by comparing benefits and costs of education as well the opportunity cost of time spent in education rather than working. Ranjan (1999) says that credit market imperfections are the reason for the existence of borrowing constraints. Therefore when parents cannot borrow against their childrens future earnings, the deep poverty forces them to send their children to work. When the country opens to trade in an unskilled labour abundant country (i.e. developing country) this may affect child labour in two ways. Firstly, the demand effect due to the increase in wage of the unskilled workers which in turn reduces the returns to skilled workers. Looking at it in this perspective makes it more likely that parents would send their children to work rather than to school. Another perspective is that households with unskilled workers become better off as they receive higher wages; therefore th ere is less of a need to send the children to work. The overall outcome will depend on which of these effects dominates (Ranjan 2001). However it is important to note that the impact of trade liberalization on child labour will be varied in different countries depending on the factor endowments of the country. Developing countries are relatively abundant in unskilled labour therefore trade growth may not have a significant impact on child labour. Krueger(1996) says that trade between two countries is determined by comparative advantage. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good is smaller in that country compared to other countries. The country with a comparative advantage also uses its resources most efficiently in the production of that good. So for example if developing countries specialize in goods that make use of unskilled labour, more of those goods are produced. The country gains from trade due to its specialization in the products that uses its resources more efficiently. This in turn brings more income to the country which can then be used to buy the goods and services the country desires. Domestic workers also benefit from this as the familys real income increases from producing the good the country specializes in. This theory can be linked with the two possible implications trade has on child labour as discussed by Ranjan; income effect reduces child l abour as the additional income helps parents reduce the work load of their children or the higher income to families may also mean parents would rather send their children to work. However Cigno et al (2002) found a negative relationship between trade and the incidence of child labour in their cross country study. The problems using a cross country study is that data collection methods in different countries may vary; therefore results may be less reliable when comparing. Also cross sectional  studies are carried out at one particular point in time or over a short period of time, therefore its only a snapshot. The results may be different if the study had been carried out in a different period. Findings of Shelbourne (2002) also supports the results derived from the study carried out by Cigno et al. Her reasoning was that the economy expands due to international trade which in turn increases per capita GDP reducing the need for child labourers. This is not necessarily true as an i ncrease in the volume of production within the country might mean there is higher demand for cheap labour in order to maximize profits. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory explains trade through differences in resources. For example let us now take a look at a simple framework where capital and labour are the factors of production. Under this framework a country will have comparative advantage in producing goods which intensively uses the factor with which they are abundantly endowed. According to this theory openness to trade increases demand for the good produced by the abundant factor which indirectly increases the demand for the abundant factor itself. This also increases the price of the abundant factor. In other words, countries that have a relatively high proportion of labour (labour intensive), which are mainly the developing countries will tend to export labour intensive goods and countries which are well endowed in terms of capital will export capital intensive goods. (criticize) Brown (2000) and Dixit (2000) believe that when countries involve in trade the wages are determined by the prices of the products. In conjunction with Heckscher-Ohlins model, this means the increase in price of the export products can actually reduce the incidence of child labour as adult wages rise. However according to Maskus (1997) the demand for child labour depends on the demand for export goods. In other words the higher the demand for export goods the higher the demand for child workers through higher equilibrium wages. His theory, however contradicts with Stolper Samuelsons theorem, which states that the expansion of the export sector increases adult wages and therefore it reduces the supply of child labour. These are two contradicting views as the expansion in the export sector can either increase or decrease child labour. However, all these theories are solely based on income and how child labour is affected due to the income effects triggered by trade. Perhaps other factor s such as poverty and welfare benefits should be taken in to account. It is generally accepted that liberalization under globalization has led to a maldistribution of income, which has created relative poverty. The worst affected has been the LEDCs. It is also true that certain  LEDCs, the least developed ones, are also affected by absolute poverty. When families are threatened to be  below poverty lines, child labour becomes a convenient means to enhance family incomes. Moreover part of the liberalized programme under globalization has been a reduction in welfare activities both in the developing and developed world. World Bank and IMF impose on LDCs welfare reduction as a pre-requisite for capital and any other form of assistance. It has led to privatisation in especially health and education driving a lot of families to lower income levels, eventually, culminating in denial of proper educational facilities  and the creation of child labour. Overall, the review of theory works seems to be more supportive towards a negative relationship between trade openness and child labour mainly due to the positive income effect trade brings to the country. We will now take a look at some empirical evidence to see if they support these theories. Empirical evidence The empirical evidence already found on the relationship between trade openness and child labour does not give us a clear picture. Most cross-sectional studies tend to show a negative relationship between trade improvement and the incidence of child labour. In fact in the panel study carried out by Cigno et al. (2002) there were no significant relationship between the two variables. The overall effect of trade liberalization on child labour seems to differ across countries. Kis-Katos (2007) carried out an empirical study using a panel of 91 countries measuring variables every decade from 1960-2000. However she only included the countries that reported a positive value of child labour; one needs to take into consideration that not all countries let out information about issues such as child labour and also countries tend to underreport work by children, therefore her results may have been different if these secretive countries were also included. She found an overall increase in trade openness over the decades as well as a steady decrease in the incidence of child labour. However the reliability of the data should be taken into account as illegal work or household work carried out by children may not be reported, which affect the reliability of the results. Moreover in developing countries economic censuses are rare and the ILO often makes adjustments such as intrapolating or extrapolating data in order to get estimates. This means the actual values may be over or under estimated than the true value. Cigno et al. (2002) found no empirical evidence that international trade raises child labour. In fact their cross country study shows that trade liberalisation actually decreases child labour. One of the indicators they used to measure child labour was primary school non-attendance rate. It is important to note that child not attending school does not necessarily mean the child is engaging in economic activity. It may for example be the case that the family cannot afford to send the child to school or even that the child has health problems. Therefore using primary school non attendance rate is not as appropriate as an indicator. The other indicator used was economic activity of children between ages 10-14, which clearly excludes children younger the 10 who are more of a cause of concern. However considering there are only limited data available on child labour, these indicators do give us a broad brush picture of the evolution of child labour. Issues with the reliability of data are the same as those discussed for Kis-Katoss empirical study above. As we have seen, most of the empirical findings are consistent with the theoretical considerations we discussed previously. In other words empirical work carried out so far mainly find a negative relationship between trade openness and child labour supporting most of the theories. Methodology Our empirical work is aimed at understanding whether the panel data evidence suggests a link between trade and child labour and whether there is any evidence to support our hypothesis of trade liberalization exerting an upward pressure of child labour. Data and variables In order to address the research question which is to observe whether trade liberalization increases child labour, a panel of 50 developing countries are used, where the variables are measured every ten years between 1960-2000. The focus of the regression is to observe child labour over time keeping in mind the current wave of globalisation progressed rapidly around the 1980s. However by looking at the data it is important to note that not all countries have experienced an increase in trade over each decade. There are a total of 250 observations for each variable considered over the years 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000. A panel data method has been carried out for this analysis for several reasons. Firstly the use of panel data increases the number of observations. For example in our case using data over 5 different time periods has increased the sample size by 5 times which will help increase the precision of the regression estimates. It also increases the degrees of freedom and reduces the collinearity among explanatory variables, again increasing the precision of the estimates. Moreover it allows us to analyse important economic questions which cannot be addressed using cross sectional analysis alone. For example in our case using a cross sectional analysis will not be appropriate as we are interested in observing a trend over time. Data was taken from the World Bank development indicators (reference) and the United Nation common database. The dependent variable used is the economic activity rate of children between the ages 10-14 taken from the ILO estimates. Using this variable as an indicator for child labour has two main problems. Firstly children under the age of 10 who may be involved in child labour are excluded. Secondly this indicator does not include children working within the household, or children involved in illegal work such as prostitution. In developing countries economic censuses are rare and the ILO often makes adjustments such as intrapolating or extrapolating data in order to get estimates. This means the actual values may be over or under estimated than the true value, which also have an impact on the results. However considering the lack of data available on child labour and comparing with other indicators present, this indicator serves best available proxy for measuring child labour. As we are looking at the impact of trade on child labour the main explanatory variable used in our analysis is trade (% GDP). The trade variable gives the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic product. In addition to this two other control variables have been included. The control variables are GDP per capita growth (%) and the age group 0-14 as a percentage of the whole population. The reason for the use of control variables is to see if there is actually a relationship between trade and child labour given that these control variables which also affect the dependent variable are kept constant. It would have been desirable to control for variables such as poverty and differences in income distribution, but the data available was not sufficiently consistent across the countries and years we are considering. GDP per capita is used as a control variable because it controls for average income effects caused by trade liberalization. As we mentioned earlier increase in trade means countries gain new production opportunities which in turn increases GDP per capita. This positive income effect is most likely to reduce child labour. Therefore it is essential to control this variable. The other control variable used is age group 0-14 as a percentage of the whole population. This variable allows us to observe whether the increase in number of children in that given age group over the years affects child labour. The notion behind this is that the larger the families the higher the demand for income therefore a higher chance of children entering the labour force. As my main focus is on South Asian countries a regional dummy variable has been added to the regression which takes a value of 1 if the country is in South Asia and a value of 0 if not. This regional dummy helps to capture the change in child labour in the south Asian countries which is known to have a high prevalence of child labour. Results By looking at the data for every 10 years from 1960 to 2000, we can see a general increase in trade openness over time as well as a steady decrease in economic activity rates. We begin our analysis by considering the association between volume of trade (openness) and child labour for the years 1960, 1980 and 2000. This allows us to have a rough overview of how the relationship has changed (if any) before and after globalisation (considering globalisation occurred around the 1980s). 1980 This figure shows a scatter plot of the data for 1980 for the variables trade and child labour. A point on this scatter plot represents the volume of trade in 1980 and the economic activity rate of children between 10-14 in 1980 for a given country. The OLS regression line obtained by regressing these two variables is also plotted on the figure, which shows a slightly negative relationship; the estimated regression line is: CL = 26.6601794934 0.0149024702066*TRADE (1980 data) Because we have data for more than one year, we can re-examine this relation for another year. The scatter plots for the years 1960 and 2000 are given below. CL = 36.3205247048 0.119594768169*TRADE (1960 data) CL = 26.0540622351 0.109873185356*TRADE (2000 data) All three scatter plots show a negative relation between trade and child labour although year 2000 has the highest coefficient on trade implying that the reduction in child labour was greater in the year 2000 compared to 1960 and 1980. Keeping in mind that globalization took its stride in the 1980s, these scatter plots show that globalization has in fact reduced child labour further. However these plots only show what happened in that specific year, there may have been fluctuations between the years (i.e between 1980 and 1990) and also we cannot tell the trend over time using these individual plots. A better way of estimating the relationship is a regression approach that takes into account both the time and the cross section. Estimation strategy The estimation equation is of the following form: CLit = f( Tradeit, GDPit, Population 0-14it, Regional dummy for South Asiait), Where i= country x and t= time (decade t). More formally: Yit = ÃŽÂ ²1i + ÃŽÂ ²2X2it + ÃŽÂ ²3X3it + ÃŽÂ ²4X4it + ÃŽÂ ´(SAit) + ÃŽÂ µit. The anticipated signs of the coefficients: The coefficient of trade (ÃŽÂ ²2) which is what we are most interested in could either be positive or negative, although according to theory it is most likely to be negative. Coefficient of GDP (ÃŽÂ ²3) is expected to be negative as the higher the GDP per capita the lower the incidence of child labour due to the positive income effect. The coefficient of the number of children aged 0-14 (ÃŽÂ ²4) is expected to be positive as the larger the number of children per family the higher the demand for income in order to support the family. As south Asia has a high incidence of child labour, the coefficient of the dummy variable is expected to be positive and large. Dependent Variable: CL Method: Panel Least Squares Date: 03/21/10 Time: 16:24 Sample: 1 5 Periods included: 5 Cross-sections included: 50 Total panel (balanced) observations: 250 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.  Ã‚   C -1.326061 7.182926 -0.184613 0.8537 TRADE -0.103054 0.031110 -3.312572 0.0011 GDP -0.448464 0.186588 -2.403504 0.0170 POP 0.778480 0.163337 4.766091 0.0000 SA 6.023961 3.378131 1.783223 0.0758 R-squared 0.149969   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var 25.40160 Adjusted R-squared 0.136091   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S.D. dependent var 15.99024 S.E. of regression 14.86241   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion 8.255344 Sum squared resid 54118.32   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion 8.325773 Log likelihood -1026.918   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. 8.283690 F-statistic 10.80618   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat 0.152585 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 CL = -1.32606116682 0.103053628312*TRADE 0.448464386734*GDP + 0.778479521915*POP + 6.0239606613*SA The results show the coefficients of ÃŽÂ ²2, ÃŽÂ ²3, ÃŽÂ ²4 are as expected. For a given country i, when trade liberalization varies across time by one unit, child labour decreases by 0.103 units. Similarly when GDP and population vary across time by one unit child labour decreases by 0.448 and increases by 0.778 respectively. Looking at the results it is clear that trade liberalization does not have much of an impact on child labour as indicated by a very small coefficient, which we may even interpret as there being no impact of trade on child labour. It is important to note that being a South Asian country is associated with child labour that is 6.02 units higher, everything else held constant. This was also expected as we found out earlier that a large proportion of child labour comes from South Asian countries. Our previous theory discussion implied that the relationship between openness and child labour could be either positive or negative. Our results suggest that grea ter openness is associated with slightly less child labour or even no effect on child labour. In order to test the significance of the coefficients, t-tests have been carried for each variable: Trade: H0: ÃŽÂ ²2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 (there is no relationship or a positive relationship between trade openness and child labour) H1: ÃŽÂ ²2 t = b2 = -3.313 se(b2) Under the 5% significance level the critical t-value is t(0.05,246) = -1.651. Since -3.313 GDP: H0: ÃŽÂ ²3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 (there is no relationship or a positive relationship between GDP and child labour) H1: ÃŽÂ ²3 t = b3 = -2.404 se(b3) Since -2.404 Number of children between 0-14: H0: ÃŽÂ ²4 = 0 (there is no relationship between number of children and child labour) H1: ÃŽÂ ²4 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 (there is a negative relationship between number of children and child labour) t = b4 = 4.77 se(b4) Since 4.77 > 1.651 we do not reject H0. In this case there is insufficient evidence in our sample to conclude that there is a relationship between number of children between 0-14 and child labour. Therefore we cannot be confident that this variable is actually has an impact on child labour. Perhaps further research into this will be useful. Estimating the regression excluding the population variable yields similar coefficients for the trade and GDP variables however the dummy variable for south Asia has a much smaller coefficient compared to when population was included. This shows that population is an important variable when considering South Asian countries and excluding it leads to an omitted variable bias especially when south Asian countries are involved. This is true as countries like India have a very large population therefore the proportion of children between 0-14 is likely to be high. As discussed earlier large number of children per household means extra income is required to support the family, which may lead to a necessity for children to work. Although population is an important variable, regressing it with child labour may not yield extremely reliable results in our case. This is because we are only taking into account children between the ages 10-14 as a measure of child labour, which is excluding the age group 0-9, whereas the population variables includes all ages between 0-14. This implies that the coefficient is likely to be much higher if we were to include economic activity rate of children between 0-14 as our dependent variable, which was not possible due to limited availability of data. This may be a reason why the coefficient of the population variable was insignificant as we found when carrying out the t-test. These results interpreted above however did not control for the characteristics of the countries. Fixed effect approach An advantage of panel data is that we are able to hold constant individual differences which allow us to focus on marginal effects of the independent variables considered. It is reasonable to into include the fixed effects model in our analysis as the data complies with the 2 basic requirements of using the fixed effects model; firstly dependent variable must be measured for each country for at least 2 periods and secondly the independent variable must change in value across the periods. There is no need to add the dummy variable in this case as the fixed effects are already controlling for location. Having the cross section as fixed yield the following results: As we can see from the table the coefficient of trade is more or less the same as before, however GDP now has a slightly positive coefficient. The regression R2 jumps from 0.0705 to 0.9097 when fixed effects are included. This shows that the country fixed effects account for a large amount of variation in the data. Although fixed effect approach has an attractive feature that allows controlling for the variables that have not or cannot be measured, they only take into account within country differences discarding any information about differences between countries. An F-test can be carried out to see if there is individual differences and it if is important to include cross section fixed effects in the model. Ho: ÃŽÂ ²11=ÃŽÂ ²12=ÃŽÂ ²13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. =ÃŽÂ ²1N (no fixed effect differences) H1: the ÃŽÂ ²1i are not all equal F = (SSER SSEU) /J = 38.63 SSEU/(NT-N-(K-1)) Where the degrees of freedom J = N-1 = 50-1 = 49 and NT-N-(K-1) = (50x 5)-50-(3-1) = 198. Under the 5% significant level the critical value is Fc = 1.419 We reject Ho if F à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ Fc, since 38.63 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥1.419 we reject the null hypothesis of no fixed effect differences between these countries, therefore it is good to include fixed effects in the model. Overall, changes in trade over the decades had no impact or very little (decrease) effect on child labour. The other explanatory variables GDP and population also had the expected signs on the coefficients although under the fixed effects GDP had a small but positive coefficient. (what does this mean?) These finding are consistent with the theory we discussed previously. Policy interventions What can the Government do to reduce child labour? Some of the previous studies carried out on this topic have mainly mentioned improvements in schooling facilities as one of the main policy recommendations for combating child labour. For example Basu (0000) says that availability of good schools and provision of free meals for the children would be a way to reduce the number of children working. However, developing countries are generally poorer due to the lack of funds; therefore it may not be feasible to invest a lot on schooling. Moreover, attending school is only going to decrease full time work, whereas children could still be involved in part-time work after school. This shows that it is very difficult to abolish child labour completely by changes in schooling policy. Basu also mentions that a total ban on child labour may be a better option as a large scale of withdrawa

school prayer :: essays research papers

did when I was growing up there. Today it is necessary to have a Police Officer in the village of Larsen Bay, Alaska because of domestic violence and alcohol/drug abuse. There was the Russian Orthodox religion, but Priests only made a short visit approximately every six months to a year, that is if the weather and the Priest's schedule permitted. Whenever a Russian Orthodox Priest would visit, he would give all of his sermons in either Russian, or Slavonic. Very few if any of the villagers understood Russian or the Slavonic language. A few years before I left the village the Baptists moved in to cleanse our heathen souls. The Baptist presence in the village lasted for about 10 years after I left. There is a Russian Orthodox religious presence in the village today. The Russian Orthodox religion moved into the village, built a Church and this time give their sermons in English or at least through an interpreter. I had a childhood that was without the pressures and influence of organized religion. When I left the village and went out into the world, my curiosity was aroused to the different supernatural god-beliefs of the world. I found that some people believed so strongly that they had the "only" one true religion that they would fight and die for that belief. Supernatural god-beliefs are just that - beliefs, a figment of imagination and a superstition. People that are indoctrinated from birth into supernatural god-beliefs know that they are right and that the others have it all wrong. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Public School Pre-game Prayer Halt prayer before games judge orders This was on the front page of the Atlanta Constitution on September 25, 1986. A federal judge issued a temporary restraining order banning prayers before football games at the Douglas County High School in Douglasville, GA. Doug Jager just returned to Douglasville, GA from his first trip to Larsen Bay, Alaska where he spent the summer. Emotions were intense and out of control for Christians who suddenly found that they lost one of their means of imposing their prayers onto the public. After the Atlanta Constitution's front-page story to halt prayers at public school football games, Georgia went crazy. The Jager household was besieged with some of the nastiest phone calls and open public abuse coming from Christians in the name of God. The abuse coming from Christians was very intense, and meant to terrorize and to intimidate.

My Brother Jack :: essays research papers

MY BROTHER JACK 1.There are numerous reasons why this novel is titled My brother Jack. The title My Brother Jack deludes the reader in thinking the novel is based on Jack, yet we find that the prevailing concern is not ‘My Brother Jack’ at all. The title suggests a rewriting of Jack’s life. The novel is also called My Brother Jack because of the fact that the author George Johnston, portrayed as David had a brother named Jack, with whom he shared a good relationship with and was also a prominent person in his life. Since Jack is the person in whom David has the greatest sense of identity and reverence, it may well be an appropriate title. In the novel My Brother Jack David often writes about Jack and recapitulates the episodes of his life with Jack. This is evident in a statement David made about his brother as he was travelling on a train. ‘I saw him suddenly as a find of sunburnt Icarus, a freeman, buoyant and soaring in his own air, in the clear and boundless space of an element families yet new’ (pg 294). It is evident through examples, why the novel was called ‘My Brother Jack’. The title may suggest an account of Jack’s life through the eyes of David. The perception you get is that Jack’s life is of greater importance than David’s. Shifting the novel focus from his own inadequacies, George Johnston tries to in fact get the reader to confront these issues. 2. George Johnston uses the theme of deception all through the novel, through the character of David Meredith. David was the most deceitful character in the novel. He did not care who he hurt on the way to getting away from his plain and mediocre life. David basically hurt everyone in his life that ever cared about him. George Johnston used the theme of deception when David continuously deceived his parents. He lied to his parents about the paintings being his own when they were only a lithograph of Tom Middleton’s work. ‘…I would also bring printed samples of work that Tom Middleton had done, and say that I had lithographed them;’ (pg 83). Through the lies that David told and the pain that he caused it is quite clear that George Johnston has used the theme of deception throughout the novel. 3. There is an obvious contrast between his outer success and his inner failure.

Organizational Theory Applied to the Retail Industry Essay -- Essays P

Organizational Theory Applied to the Retail Industry PART I Introduction Antonio’s, as it will be referred to for confidentiality purposes from here on in, is a retail shoe store that operates in Fredericton, N.B.. It is part of an open system. This company originated in Montreal, Quebec. The head office is now located there and retail outlets are located throughout Canada, the United States and parts of Europe. The market in which this company operates may be considered a division of the fashion industry. This industry is known for being highly competitive and dynamic. Also for obvious reasons many companies within it concern themselves with company image. This particular shoe company has been in existence since the early 1990’s. Antonio’s has grown significantly and is currently a leader in the shoe industry, even on an internationally level. It produces quality shoes at a reasonable price. From its beginnings until now Antonio’s has been operating in the formation stage. This company has met with great success, though, and has grown quickly. It now faces the task of moving into the growth stage. Antonio’s must be careful in managing every aspect of its company now in order to survive. Since the industry in which Antonio’s operates is very image oriented a key issue in moving from the formation to growth stage that must be discussed is company culture. In this situation â€Å"managed† (as it is referred to in its most popular definition) means changed. In order to manage the company culture through the move from stage to stage in the life cycle of this organization the culture within the current stage, the formation stage, must be discussed. The culture, in my opinion, must be managed as it currently has a negative impact on the organizational effectiveness. The organizational effectiveness as a result of culture must analyzed in order to determine if in fact it does have a negative impact on the company, if so, it must be managed for the sake of the company’s survival in the growth stage. PART II Analysis of current company culture The current culture existing in Antonio’s organization is effective according to most of the strict definition meanings. It is not particularly strong, this is because most organizations which are young or have constant turnover (Antonio’s finds both of these things to be t... ...ething so shallow as their appearance. Thus in the long run they are indirectly and unintentionally promoting organization decline by doing this. PART III Conclusion In my opinion the main problem that exists within this organization is the fact that Antonio’s fits into a certain aspect of the Competing Values approach mentioned above to a greater extent than need be. They take organization culture too far despite the fact that it is very well fitted to its industry. My experiences there as an employee were not all negative yet many I did have made me feel very unappreciated and worthless within the organization. A stress on this particular type of culture results in high turn over. This will ultimately lessen the chances of survival for the organization as it moves through the stages of the life cycle. If this culture persists, Antonio’s will be run by disloyal employees who purposely defy it costing them time and money in the long run. It will have a damaging effect on their so preciously held reputation and this will not fair well for them considering the competitive nature of the fashion industry. Bibliography: Robbins. Organizational Theory

Martin Bernal and describes Essay

Black Athena is the works of Martin Bernal and describes the Afro-asiatic roots of classical civilization in ancient Greece. Martin examines the perception of ancient Greece in relation to its African and Asiatic neighbours especially in West Europe. This occurred in the 18th century onwards and exhibits the denial by the western academia and the influence of the Greek culture on civilization. In his work Bernin does not support the Greek civilization as being founded by the Aryan settlers whose trace is Europe. He gives proves as to the arguments of the famous great Grecian thinkers like Plato, Socrates and Aristotle that Phoenician civilization originally colonized Greece. In this basis he comes up with a theory based on the methodology of these historians and this theory states that Greece was colonized by northern invaders with their existing colony established in Phoenicia. (Moore, 2001) He uses several examples to explain that countries of Africa like Egypt and those on the west are being admired by prominent European leaders because of their historical backgrounds. The current Greek language spoken in classical Grecian world has its roots in the proto Greek language and influence from other Anatolian languages that were spoken nearby. The culture in Greece is believed to have been developed as a result of comparison of unity of elements. Bernam puts great emphasis on the elements of Africa that shaped the Grecian history. He compares the 19th and 20th century eurocentrism with the development of the western appropriation culture and its development. He argues that the western world influenced the Modern Greek language terming the contact between the indo European languages and the culturally influenced Egyptian and Semitic languages as very key in the determination of the modern Grecian culture and language. He gives examples of some words being used in the modern language of Greece to have been from these origins. He estimates the introduction of the Greek alphabet to have been between the period 1800 and 1400 BC. (Moore, 2001) Bernal came to the conclusion that the relationship between ancient Greek and Egyptian influence should not be taken lightly. His background traces to the interests he had on Egypt since childhood and the inspirations by his father. He is further encouraged to take this direction by the discovery of the works of Cyrus Gordon and Astour. Afrocentrism which is now the most felt model in the North American primary and secondary schools has been noted to be the most significant and challenging developments in higher education systems and curriculums. It’s a model which encompasses both multi cultural and Afro Hellenic orientations. This simply means that it’s grounded in ethnic and cultural diversity and the aspect that it is attributed to Africa. In contrast with the black Athena which attributes the development of modern Greece to the western world, the Afrocentric model attributes it to be an abstract, intellectual civilization which is grounded in the traditional orientations of western civilization. Bernal’s discovery of the black Athena is the modern thinking of how the Greek world came into being but has been criticized as not with definite reasons as afrocentric movement. His was of a different order that racist and anti Semitic scholars only showed the historical facts from the Bronze Age onwards making the culture of Greece to be a product of only Egyptians and Levantines. He argues that for the complete concealing of the origin of the Greek culture we need to consider the north of Athens and the medditerenian island of Crete, civilizations which took place in the third millennium. Bernal’s case is different from the afrocentric models because it rests upon on legend and myth. It relies upon the stories told by the ancient Greeks like Aristotle and Aristotle. He interprets these stories as the memories of the Egyptian and Phoenician developments. There is a critic about this however because we need to ask ourselves ‘of what benefit is myths and legends? ’ (Bernal, 1987) Bernal attributes archaeology, myth and linguistic borrowings as evidence to the development in Greece. The history and development of Greece is of much importance to the culture adopted today in Greece. Without the historical base Bernal suggests that tracing of the Greek history and civilization would be very complicated. Bernal claims that approximately 30% of Greek is of Semitic origin, 20% from Egyptian origin and the rest from the ancient Greek origin. Critics however have suggested that his demonstrations is only based on the resemblance merely and not the principles of linguistic adaptation. Bernal takes the similarity of a few words and tries to generalize. The afro centric orientation is based on the western world and argues that linguistic development in Greek civilization has been natural like the development of any other language. (Bernal, 1987) The contention that the Egyptians were the greatest civilization in history is critically opposed by the Afrocentrists. Afrocentrists view the Egyptians as only blacks who cannot contribute anything to the civilizations which took place especially in Greece. Bernal regarded the developments of Greeks like the scientific and mathematical orientations as very important movements. It’s however criticized by the afrocentrics as a total disregard of the facts of chronology. Conclusion The black Athena and the afrocentric movements have had an influence to the history and civilizations of the current Grecian histories. In our study of the two models we need to understand the fact that the current ancient civilization is as a result of amalgamation of the two models. Bernal in his book Black Athena: The afroasiantic roots of Classical civilization addresses the issues which have made the Greek world today be the way it is. Reference: Bernal, M. (1987) Black Athena: Afroasiantic roots of Classical Civilization, Rutgers University press. Moore, D. (2001) Black Athena writes back, Duke University press.

M.A. English 4th Sem

The eviscerate P mess h in in all summary Railway Raju (nick unwrapd) is a disarmingly becloudguide who fall in f be with a bonny dancer, Rosie, the ear checker bulge fall out married wo homo of archaeologistMarco . Marco doesnt applaud of Rosies be be intimated fordancing. Rosie, encour maturate by Raju, decides to fol abject her visual sensations and drive a dancing solicitudeer. They start aliveness to stub outher and Rajus perplex, as she does non approve of their race, leaves them. Raju be suffers Rosies stage adult maleager and originally coarse with the aid of Rajusmarketingtactics, Rosie becomes a prospering dancer.Raju, however, develops an blow up inclination of self-importance and tries to watch her. Raju mystifys confused in a compositors case of counterfeitand gets a devil course of study displaceence. aft(prenominal) comp allowe the sentence, Raju passes by a settlement where he is mis murdern for a sadhu(a spiritual guide). Relu ctantly, as he does non want to re gaming in ignominy toMalgudi, he stays in an cast aside synagogue. There is afaminein the hamlet and Raju is expect to prevail afastin ramble to use up it rain. With media publicizing his fast, a huge multitude gathers (much to Rajus resentment) to watch him fast. aft(prenominal) fasting for near(prenominal) mean solar mean solar days, he goes to the riverside i morning as part of his day-to-day ritual, where his legs sag gobble up as he palpates that the rain is falling in the h crazys. The terminal of the impertinent leaves unanswered the question of whether he did, or whether thedrouthhas really ended. The expiry declension of the novel is Raju said Velan, its raining up the h unwells, I evict feel it to a lower place my feet. And with this he quick of scentd down. The last line implies that by todayadays Raju aft(prenominal)(prenominal) undergoing so m all ups and downs in his emotional postulate has become a sag e and as the drought ends Rajus sp unde sedateliness similarly ends.Narayan has beauti intacty compose the last line which means Raju did non die scarce s age-worn down, meaning Raju in fightdly himself had become a sage. Character of Rosie Rosie is one(a) of the main characters in the novel. She is presented in the novel as a beautiful dancer, of theDevadasitype oftemple dancers, and the married wo tenderity of Marco. Her marriage is resembling a harassment in disguise to her as Marco is all t grey-headed engrossed in his c beer and is all in all apathetic and unemotional to her. She is rattling perfervid virtually dancing however her maintain does non accord her to dance.She tries to persuade her husband and bears all the insults by him skilful for the sake of getting his permission to dance. When she is left inMalgudiby Marco to live with Raju, she devotes herself completely to dancing. She wakes earlier in the morning and practices hard for ternary hours e trulyday. She is forever and a day eager to talk passably dance and even up tries to teach Raju close to of it. She is religious and actualizes in id overageessSaraswatiand has a bronzy statueofNataraja, which is an image ofShivaas thecosmicLord ofDance, in her withdrawice. She does non believe in discriminating amongst pile on the al-Qaeda of their financial circumstance.When Raju bets loaded and influential mess, Rosie does non seem to cargon much roughly them. Being herself an artist, she consider the arts and postulate to be in the alliance of artists and variationer(a) music loers. Her success does not get to her head even afterwards becoming a really successful professional dancer. Raju becomes disquiet when Rosie spends a lot of sentence with different artists earlier than with him. He tells her that these artists come to her because they atomic number 18 wanting(p) to her and she replies that she is weary of all these talks of passe-parto ut and inferior and does not believe in some(prenominal)(prenominal) of these.She is in all case portrayed as a traditional Indian wife. Her husband is inter castrateable god to her. Marco calls her dancing skills as thorough off the beaten track(predi wandere)eacrobaticsand compares it tomonkeydance. Despite all these insults she continues to be his wife. When Marco comes to live about the casualness among her and Raju he gets rattling upset and doesnt talk to her and completely ignores her presence. She apologizes to him and keeps on pastime him corresponding a dog hoping that his thin outker would change one day exactly that does not happen. This incident shows her tremendous ad conscionablement power and her optimistic spot.Even after she becomes very successful in her career and fencesitter of her husband Marco she relieve has his photograph which conveys that she windlessness considered Marco to be her husband and high smartnesss her traditional Indian w ife kind of character. However, she is often referred as The Serpent girl by Rajus generate, because his m an other(a)(prenominal)wise thinks that she was accountable for the ruined condition of her family and her son. Raju also seems to disfavor her at the end of the legend and take a craps her as the culprit. Rosie was also dis cared by Rajus backupers, Gaffur and Sait out-of-pocket to her intimacy with Raju.What is the summary of the Novel The wear write By R. K. Narayan? Answer- Raju is a railway guide who becomes obsessed with Rosie, a neglected wife of an archeologist Marco. Rosie has a passion for dancing which Marco doesnt approve of. Rosie, encouraged by Raju, decides to follow her dreams and walks out on her husband. Raju becomes her stage manager and soon with the military service of Rajus marketing tactics, Rosie becomes a successful dancer. By bragging(a) Rosie the luck to dance, Raju is also prominent her freedom, freedom which Marco has suppressed by ref using to let her dance.Raju, however, develops an inflated sense of self-importance and tries to control Rosie. solely a man should not live off a charr. On the other quite a lesser, what if she is successful simply because of that man? The relationship between Raju and Rosie is strained. Marco reappears and Raju inadvertently gets elusive in a case of counterfeit and gets a 2 year sentence. afterward completing the sentence, Raju is passing by a village when he is mistaken for a sadhu (a spiritual guru). Being opposed to return in disgrace to Malgudi, he decides to play the part of the swami and makes the village temple his understructure.There is a famine in the village and Swami Raju, a a equal(p) the sadhu in one of his stories that he used to narrate to the villagers, is expected to keep a fast to get the rains. And he does go on a fast. Despite scrub danger to his health, he continues to fast until he collapses. Can at that place be every connection between one m ans hunger and the rains? Is in that respect somebody up on that point and does he hark to you? He is undergoing a spiritual cast shift and the place has become a shrine. leave it rain? Well, the villagers generate faith in him and he has faith in their faith.Despite heavy(a) danger to his health, he continues to fast until he collapses. His legs sag down as he feels that the rain is falling in the hills. The ending of the novel leaves unanswered the question of whether he dies, or whether the drought has really ended. The incline Teacher The slope Teacheris a 1945 novel written byR. K. Narayan. This is the triplet and final part in the series, preceded bySwami and Friends(1935) andThe Bachelor of Arts(1937). This novel, utilise to Narayans wife Rajam is not andautobiographical and also poignant in its nipfulness of feeling.The level is a series of experiences in the shopping center of Krishna, an face teacher, and his quest towards achieving inner(a) peace and self- study. darn As an side teacher at Albert Mission College, Krishna has guide a mundane and monotonous life historystyle comparable to that of a cow, mute this took a turn when his wife, Susila, and their babe, Leela, come to live with him. With their shopping mally be on his hands, Krishna evictvasss to be a worthy husband and learns how to consent the responsibility of victorious care of his family.He felt that his life had relatively improved, as he understood that theres much meaning to life than to deintimateize breeding in the college. However, on the day when they went in search of a new house, Susila contracts typhoid after visiting a noisome lavatory, keeping her in drive in for weeks. without the en tire out phone line of her affection, Krishna constantly tries to keep an optimistic view about Susilas illness, keeping his hopes up by thinking that her illness would soon be cured. However, Susila last succumbs and passes away.Krishna, de struct by her sacking, has suicidal thoughts simply turn allwheres them up for the sake of his daughter, Leela. He leads his life as a lost and miserable psyche after her death, however after he receives a letter from a terra incognita who indicates that Susila has been in contact with him and that she wants to communicate with Krishna, he becomes more collected and cheerful. This leads to Krishnas travel in search of en b properlyness levelenment, with the st regorger per divisioning as a medium to Susila in the spiritual world.Leela, on the other hand, goes to a pre civilize where Krishna gets to meet the Head chieftain, a profound man who cared for the students in his school and teaches them incorrupt set by dint of his own methods. The Headmaster puts his students as his top priority only if he doesnt care for his own family and children, eventually leaving them on the day predicted by an astrologer as to be when he was going to die, which did not come neat. Krish na gets to learn through the Headmaster on the voyage to enlightenment eventually learning to ommunicate to Susila on his own, thus concluding the entire story itself, with the quote that he felt a moment of rare immutable joy. maculation Krishna, is spending his married days in a College hostel, brio homogeneous cattle, farthest from marital blessedness until one after twelve noon he receives a letter from his incur paying financial aiding him to settle a interior(a) in Malgudi with his wife and child. What follows close is a series of light hearted chatter about Krishna adapting to the domestic responsibility which convert him into a man (from cattle ). One day, when Krishna and Susila go out to look for a house, Susila falls ill and dies after a enchantment of typhoid.Krishnas life is deserted, precisely he has to keep solacement in his amass of joy, Leela, his daughter. In the next few months he learns and executes household chores, takes charge of child and goe s out to college until one day he receives a letter from his wife Susila Krishna embarks on a journey to attain nirvana to keep going with the spirit of his wife Susila, as per her wish in the letter and future correspondences. twin to this the child has grown up nice and starts attending school. The school Headmaster is a man of secure impart and has dedicated his only life for the education of exquisite children.His philosophy attracts Krishna and its the incidents in passe-partouts life which help Krishna turn a around and attain Nirvana, which he had been severe to achieve since long time. Finally, the child is sent to the grandparents and Krishna resigns from his furrow as the English teacher. He takes up work in kindergarten and succeeds in uniting with his soul mate. How? make up ones mind out Apart from Krishna, Susila and Leela, another solid character is Leelas schoolmaster. He is a revolutionary educationist who wants his pupils to be laughing(prenominal) in life.His wife doesnt wish him and discard his principles and his children live miserably collectible to this domestic discord. One day, he decides to leave his family for proper to fulfill his dream. Its his way of life which helps Krishna in his journey. The high localizestwice patch find outing this otherwise effortless obligate, comes both weeny accounts which are treat for your literary buds. set out, the scene where Susila has died and Krishna is sitting all iniquity alongside her corpse and then next day the journey to cremation ground and put up is presented in a fore intimately coterie narrative, profoundly touching and flam male childant.Its broadthat RKN was capable of composing ornate emergences alone chose to be round-eyed for good. Secondly, in the last chapter, the narrative is dynamic, first with the parting salutation party scene in college where his colleagues and students are biding Krishna bye bye, and second when he reaches home and is into th e state of peace at last. The otherworldly plotin the story is substantially constituted and angelic. It doesnt look agonistic because it is fountainhead justified and aesthetic. The happenings in Krishnas life play important situation in his journey from a connoisseur learner to a successful master of this science.Its a joy to read through his experiences which make him a discontinue kind be. To simply put,narrationis mediocre scarcely nonetheless ecstatic. The characters are well sculptured and blend in the story smoothly. It is as lucid for a twenty percent standard student to comprehend but as abstruse for an adult to conclude. another(prenominal)delightis that the size of the appropriate is just apt. exactly 184 pages make it a fast, wanton and enjoyable read with no frills & no insignifi drive outt blah blah. invulnerable This oblige is about the Mulk Raj Anand novel. For the jakes Banville novel, seeThe Untouchable (novel).Untouchableis anovelbyMulk Raj Anan d create in 1935. The novel established Anand as one of Indias pencil leadEnglishauthors. 1The book was inspired by his aunts experience when she had a meal with a Islamic person and was treated as an outcast by his family. 2The plot of this book, Anands first, revolves around the argument for eradicating the clan form. 3It depicts a day in the life of Bakha, a three-year-old sweeper, who is secure due to his work cleaning latrines. Plot Untouchable is the story of a integrity day in the life of 18 year olduntouchableson named Bakha, who lives in pre-independence India.Bakha is described as strong and able-bodied, full of enthusiasm and dreams change from to dressing like a Tommie (Englishmen) in fashun to playinghockey. However, his limited means and the particular that he belongs to the lowest caste even amongst untouchables, forces him to beg for food, to often face humiliation, and to be at the mercy of the whims of other, higher caste, Hindus. The day described in the s tory is a tough one for Bakha. Over the course of the day, he is slapped in public for polluting an upper caste Hindu through an inadvertent touch and has food impel at him by another person after he cleans her gutters.His sister is molested by a priest, he is blamed for an injury genuine by a young boy pursual a melee after a hockey match, and he is thrown out of his house by his father. In the story, Mulk Raj Anand presents two superiors, or ways in which Bakha in particular and untouchables in general can be liberated from the life they are innate(p) into. The first choice is that of Christianity, a religion that does not see the caste system. The second comes from the tenets of Gandhi who calls for the freeing of Harijans. Preface aft(prenominal) the very long duration of time, I am here to present my ex fix of an English Poem The male monarchs extend to composed by Sarojini Naidu who was a keep adult female of letters of her times as the massive poetess and was a lso honored with the statute deed of The Nightingale of India. The floor of the numbers in ex determine is based on a tale from a book Arabian Nights. The original author of the book is un cognize, but it is translated in more languages of the world. The book with the title as newfang guide Arabian Nights in English was translated by Robert Louis Stevenson. Andrew Lang also had written the equivalent book in English.In Gujarati also, we can arrive at the said book under the Title Arbastaan-ni- Vaato. Over the centuries, the unmeasured translations of the Arabian Nights have been promulgated. The original text of the verse form in leashsome part is as follows The poem is taken from The Golden fashion access, the first volume of verse print in 1905 by Sarojini Naidu. The barons Rival I QUEEN GULNAAR sit down on her ivory bed, Around her countless treasures were spread Her chamber walls were richly inlaid With agate, porphyry, onyx and jade The tis carry throughs t hat wipe outight-emitting diode her pure breast, Glowed with the hues of a lapwings c suspire plainly still she gazed in her reverberate and sighed O power, my heart is un sitisfactory. faggot Feroz bent from his jet pitch-black seat Is thy least want unfulfil take, O Sweet? Let thy talk peach and my life be exhausted To lapse the sky of thy discontent. I tire of my beauty, I tire of this Empty splendour and shadow-less bliss With none to envy and none gainsay, No savour or salt hath my dream or day. pouf Gulnaar sighed like a murmuring go up Give me a pit, O fairy Feroz. II King Feroz spoke to his Chief Vizier Lo ere to-morrows come home be here, Send forth my messengers everywhere the sea,To try out 7 beautiful brides for me radiant of feature and regal of mien, Seven handmaids meet for the Persian fairy. Seven new dream tides at the Vesper call, King Feroz led to top executive Gulnaars hall A young queen eyed like the morning star I start thee a rival, O Queen Gulnaar. But still she gazed in her reverberate and sighed O King, my heart is un fulfil. Seven queens shone round her ivory bed, equivalent vii batty gems on a silken thread, Like sevensome fair lamps in a olympian tower, Like seven shining petals of Beautys hightail iter Queen Gulnaar sighed like a murmuring rose Where is my rival, O King Feroz? III When outflow winds wakened the mountain floods, And kindled the flame of the tulip buds, When bees grew ratty and the days grew long, And the peach groves thrilled to the orioles song, Queen Gulnaar sat on her ivory bed, Decking with jewels her exquisite head And still she gazed in her mirror and sighed O King, my heart is unsatisfied. Queen Gulnsars daughter two spring times old, In sad robes bordered with tassels of gold, Ran to her knee like a round the bendwood fay, And plucked from her hand the mirror away. right away she set on her own light curls Her fuck offs fillet with fringes of pearls pronto she tu rned with a childs ca charge And pressed on the mirror a speedy, glad kiss. Queen Gulnaar laughed like a tremulous rose present is my rival, O King Feroz. -Sarojini Naidu Synopsis of the poem Feroz is the king of Persia. Gulnaar is his queen. In spite of the overblown palace life, the queen is not satisfied at heart. special Kgh she is beautiful, she is longing for her rival. Sighing like a murmuring rose, she asks the king to draw a rival to her who can make do with her beauty. On demand of Gulnaar, the king marries seven beautiful brides and asks them to live with Gulnaar as her maid-servants.The seven queens were supposed to be Gulnaars rivals, but she continues to gaze in her mirror saying all the times that her heart was not satisfied with all those so called rivals. later on some eld, the queen Gulnaar gives carry to a baby-girl. When the princess becomes two historic period old, she runs to her knees to the Queen and snatches the mirror away from her hand. and so she wears her set abouts hairsbreadth-band around her head and presses her swift kiss on mirror. This very honest gesture of the child makes Gulnaar laugh like a rose trembling on a plant with soft wind.She exclaims with joy, here(predicate) is my rival, O King Feroz. Ex survey When we go through the poem under converseion, we do come to the concluding outcome of our subscribe to that Sarojini Naidu was really a natural, proficient and born poetess of her times. The narrations of Gulnaars bed, her chamber and her fabric are much(prenominal) attractive voice with flower of bringing that we would like to read those stanzas again and again in spite of the use of diffi fury al-Qurans for various gems. The colorful muslin masking her delicate chest is compared with the crest of a bird named lapwing.But, in spite of her gratification, she gazed in her mirror and sighed saying, O King, my heart is unsatisfied. date proceeding barely, we come across the amative dialogues sp oken by both King Feroz and Queen. Gulnaar as below Is thy least desire unfulfilled, O Sweet? Let thy mouth speak and my life be fatigued. To idle the sky of thy discontent said the King. The Queen said, I tire of my beauty, I tire of this, Empty splendor and shadow-less bliss With none to envy and none gainsay (rejoin), and nose drops (taste) or salt hath my dream or day. Queen Gulnaar sighed and said, Give me a rival, King Feroz.King Feroz ordered to his chief Vizier to send messengers over the sea to look for seven beautiful brides. The King said that the brides should be of radiancy beauty and be appointed to be in attendance to the Queen. They all stood with such stunning beauty that they looked like a necklace of seven gems of attractive colors on a silken thread. In other words to say, the queens looked like seven beautiful lamps in a royal tower and seven bright petals of a proficiently beautiful flower. Yet, Queen Gulnaar sighed and express her dissatisfaction sayin g, King Feroz, where is my rival? Against this anchorground, Queen Gulnaar sat on her ivory bed adorning her delicate hair with precious jewels. She gazed in the mirror and sighed, O King, my heart is still dissatisfied. Prior to the concluding part of the poem, the poetess highlights a delicate psychological point that any power, prosperity or beauty if vested in one person becomes the cause of dissatisfaction at long. Rivalry in any work or aspect of life is the most essential factor for mental happiness and satisfaction. Monopoly, at long last, becomes like boredom. clement mind always longs for competition. It is the merciful nature that wishes that the fficiency, richness, strength, capability or beauty should be challenged by somebody. One should have opportunity of organism tested ones own worthiness of merits. Here, the Queen Gulnaar is discontented in absence of any rival in case of her beauty. She was not satisfied with the rivalry of seven queens. When the poem seem s march on to its end, a turning point arises all of a sudden. Gulnaar is then lucky lavish to have a powerful competition. Her competitor is nobody else but her two years old daughter herself. One day, Queen Gulnaars two year old daughter was adorned with precious dress.The child, like a fairy in a forest, rushed to the Queen and snatched the mirror away from her hand.. Then the child quickly wore her mothers hair-band. Suddenly, with a child-like move, she planted jubilantly a kiss on the mirror. Queen Gulnaar laughed like a quivering rose, saying, O King Feroz, look, here is my rival. Summing up, Gulnaar realize that her daughter was the real rival of hers. Then the poem dramatically ends with the reality of life that the parents are always happy when they see their young ones playing and doing various desolate actions and tricks around them.The poetess has successfully presented the psychological point of mothering and motherhood through these sonnet-like three parts of t he poem. The reasons Prayer In childhoods pride I said to TheeO chiliad, who madst me of Thy breath, Speak, Master, and let out to meThine inmost laws of life and death. Give me to intoxication each joy and appalWhich Thine eternal hand can mete, For my insatiate soul would drainEarths utmost bitter, utmost sweet. Spare me no bliss, no pang of strife,Withhold no render or grief I pray, The intricate lore of know and lifeAnd mystic companionship of the impenetrable. Lord, Thou didst answer stern and lowChild, I will hearken to thy prayer, And thy unvanquished soul shall knowAll passionate rapture and despair. Thou shalt drink deep of joy and fame,And delight shall burn thee like a fire, And distract shall cleanse thee like a flame,To purification the dross from thy desire. So shall thy chastened spirit yearnTo seek from its silver screen prayer sprain, And spent and pardoned, sue to learnThe simple secret of My peace. I, bending from my septuple height,Will teach t hee of My quickening grace, sustentation is a prism of My light,And termination the shadow of My face. The Souls Prayer by Sarojini Naidu thickset and ExplanationWhat a beautiful prayer. Sarojini Naidu understands that both good and bad things in life are necessary for a satisfactory terminus of one souls agenda. First the question Everything is perfect exactly as it is. We cant see the other side because we are not there but we know that within the range of time we will get there and be able to see the whole of the mosaic image. At the moment true things dont make sense but that doesnt deter Naidu to accept life as it is with the bitter and the sweet. This shows smashing understanding of how the soul uses the body and the body-brain as mere tools to develop spiritually.The spiritually blind will want to reject the nasty parts of life, failing to envisage that the only way the soul can be cleansed of residue or simple uncoordinated illusory perceptions is to have the li fe history of fuss. strain serve two important purposes when bang at the door they grant vision to our spiritual as the physical ones can only see the wound and the wound doesnt always present itself when a crack in the thought system needs to be sealed (cleansed). The second purpose of the smart calling is to remind us, each and every time, that our little plans and designs wont heal the root of the problem.In a chaotic world graven image is unavoidable at the root the soil exceeding any logic within our human limited comprehension of the workings of honor and Knowledge. We have been do of theologys breath, so our very essence goes further than resembling His. We are his breath and like it, when it is expire (exhalation) we experience human life as it presents itself now when inspired (inhalation) we make an start to go back home through the death of the body. Each breath represents a state in our being, death the beginning of our spiritual life, affinity the end of it. Human birth and death imply a simple reversal spiritual death and birth. The continuous moment and movement of inspiration and deviation are very much declared in the wordsof the song The Windmills of your sense Round, like a circle in a spiralLike a wander within a wheel. Never ending or beginning,On an ever spinning wheel Sarojini writes this poem with the voice of a child and it is impressive to see someone so eager to go back to idol (to wake up). By asking immortal to withhold nothing (Withhold no gift or grief I crave) she is delighted because the soul talent not have to come back to deal with vagabond return keys.The knowledge of the grave is mystic (And mystic knowledge of the grave) because we simply dont know. What happens at the grave goes beyond our ordinary senses we cant experience it firearm in this body. Neither do we remember how it was nor what it was in advance human birth, something needed if we are to work on our toxic character defects with a full blo wn amount of fairness. purity doesnt come at a low price we must stretch out the difficulties we chose for this life as souls and live with the consequences of our choices and actions choices and actions that describe us as we go along.Then beau ideal answers God grants Sarojini her wish, and this is interesting because it is what differentiates the boys from the men. The boys cry because God brings pain to the world. The men understand that suffering is only part of the game. Life is just another genre of the Spinning or Cosmic Wheel. This particular version of us is played out with drama as well as through time intervals, obvious script techniques needed for our development as central characters. For the arch to take place, ups and downs are necessary.A good shaping of this arch determined by our behavior will make the play more or less dynamic but that doesnt take away the overall theme spiritual growth expanding into an inevitable awakening. Thou shalt drink deep of joy an d fame,And love shall burn thee like a fire, And pain shall cleanse thee like a flame,To throw away the dross from thy desire. These are part of the inevitabilities take for the awakening. First we need to go through the experience ofdesiringjoy, fame, love. The problems are not in these very things (joy, fame, love), but in the desire we feel for them.Desire pushes us into manipulation, which comes at the price of expectation, which ends in resentment when outcomes are not met. The line fails to be linear and the ups and downs manifesting from our monstrous perception carry pain along the way. Desire, then, is not desirable. It always implies suffering as well as other ill-scented little tricks like judgment and penalization. We tycoon have to go through the pain many, many lives. But eventually the lesson is intentional pain cleanses us like a flame, p urging the dross from our desire. The disembodied spirits yearn, a seeking cry, comes not from us but from God HimselfGod cries for us, His children, begging us to come home. The release is a call to the waking up that takes place when blind prayer turns into a sighted realizationwe neer in truth needed to learn through pain, and there was never anything to fear. Mystic mystery is a simple secret, nothing more. Its Gods peace. The last verse discloses a loving God a God that bends with care to teach His children that where the sunshine has never shone there is also light, His light. eclipse and Light are just like birth and death, like night and day, like inhaling and exhaling. Pain and joy are just part of the windmills of your mind.And the Mind deep and quieten in its Real state when filtered through the body is just a keeping of something else. recital of Kamala dassie Kamala Surayya / Suraiyya formerly known as Kamala cony , (also known as Kamala Madhavikutty, pen name was Madhavikutty) was a study Indian English poet and litterateur and at the same time a leading Malayalam author from K erala, India. Her popularity in Kerala is based generally on her short stories and autobiography, composition her oeuvre in English, written under the name Kamala coney, is observe for the fiery poems and explicit autobiography.Her hold and honest treatment of female sexuality, free from any sense of guilt, infused her typography with power, but also marked her as an iconoclast in her generation. On 31 whitethorn 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in Pune, but has earned massive respect in recent years. proterozoic Life Kamala dassie was born in Punnayurkulam, Thrissur District in Kerala, on inch 31, 1934, to V. M. Nair, a former managing editor program program of the wide-eyedly-circulated Malayalam daily Mathrubhumi, and Nalappatt Balamani Amma, a renowned Malayali poetess.She spent her childhood between Calcutta, where her father was employed as a senior officer in the Walford Transport Company that sold Bentley and Rolls Royce automobiles, and the Nalappatt cont ractable home in Punnayurkulam. Like her mother, Kamala pika also excelled in writing. Her love of metrical composition began at an early age through the influence of her great uncle, Nalappatt Narayana Menon, a openhanded writer. At the age of 15, she got married to bevel officer Madhava Das, who encouraged her writing interests, and she started writing and publishing both in English and in Malayalam.Calcutta in the 1960s was a tumultous time for the arts, and Kamala Das was one of the many voices that came up and started appearing in cult anthologies along with a generation of Indian English poets. Literary Career She was noted for her many Malayalam short stories as well as many poems written in English. Das was also a syndicated columnist. She erstwhile claimed that metrical composition does not sell in this country India, but her forthright columns, which sounded off on everything from womens issues and child care to politics, were popular.Das first book of poesy, Summer I n Calcutta was a breath of fresh air in Indian English poem. She wrote chiefly of love, its betrayal, and the effect anguish. Ms. Das abandoned the certain(p)ties offered by an archaic, and somewhat sterile, aestheticism for an independence of mind and body at a time when Indian poets were still governed by 19th-century diction, sentiment and romanticised love. Her second book of poetry, The descendants was even more explicit, urging women to Gift him what makes you woman, the scent of Long hair, the musk of sweat between the breasts.The warm shock of menstrual rent, and all your Endless female hungers The flavor Glass This chairness of her voice led to comparisons with Marguerite Duras and Sylvia Plath At the age of 42, she produce a daring autobiography, My explanation it was to begin with written in Malayalam and later she translated it into English. by and by she admitted that much of the autobiography had fictional elements. Kamala Das wrote on a diverse range of topics, often disparate- from the story of a execrable old servant, about the sexual disposition of upper middle class women living near a metropolitan metropolis or in the middle of the ghetto.Some of her better-known stories include Pakshiyude Manam, Neypayasam, Thanuppu, and Chandana Marangal. She wrote a few novels, out of which Neermathalam Pootha Kalam, which was get favourably by the variant public as well as the critics, stands out. She travelled extensively to read poetry to Germanys University of Duisburg-Essen, University of Bonn and University of Duisburg universities, Adelaide Writers Festival , Frankfurt Book Fair, University of Kingston, Jamaica, blitherapore, and southeastward Bank Festival (London), harboria University (Montreal, Canada), etc.Her works are available in French, Spanish, Russian, German and Japanese. She has also held positions as Vice chairperson in Kerala Sahitya Academy, chairperson in Kerala forestry Board, President of the Kerala Childrens ingest Society, editor of Poet magazine and Poetry editor of Illustrated Weekly of India. Although occasionally seen as an attention-grabber in her early years, she is now seen as one of the most formative influences on Indian English poetry. In 2009, The Times called her the mother of novel English Indian poetry. Conversion to IslamShe was born in a conservative Hindu Nair (Nallappattu) family having royal ancestry, After being asked by her lover Sadiq Ali, an Islamic scholar and a Muslim unite MP, she embraced Islam in 1999 at the age of 65 and assumed the name Kamala Surayya. After converting, she wrote Life has changed for me since Nov. 14 when a young man named Sadiq Ali walked in to meet me. He is 38 and has a beautiful smile. Afterwards he began to woo me on the phone from Abu Dhabi and Dubai, reciting Urdu couplets and tattle me of what he would do to me after our marriage. I took my nurse Mini and went to his place in my car.I stayed with him for three days. There was a sunlit river, some trees, and a lot of laughter. He asked me to become a Muslim which I did on my return home. Her conversion was rather controversial, among social and literary circles, with The Hindu calling it part of her histrionics. She said she desire being behind the shelterive veil of the purdah. Later, she felt it was not worth it to change ones religion and said I beastly in love with a Muslim after my husbands death. He was kind and benevolent in the beginning. But I now feel one shouldnt change ones religion. It is not worth it. . PoliticsThough never politically active before, she launched a national political party, Lok Seva Party, aiming establishment to orphaned mothers and promotion of secularism. In 1984 she unsuccessfully contested in the Indian fan tan elections. Personal Life Kamala Das had three sons M D Nalapat, Chinnen Das and Jayasurya Das. Madhav Das Nalapat, the eldest, is married to Princess Lakshmi Bayi (daughter of M. R. Ry. Sri Chembrol Raja Raja Varma Avargal) from the Travancore august House. He holds the UNESCO Peace Chair and professor of geopolitics at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education. He was formerly a resident editor of the Times of India.She had a sexual relationship with Sadiq Ali, an Islamic scholar who was much young in age. She herself describes her visit to Sadiq Alis home as follows I was almost asleep when Sadiq Ali climbed in beside me, holding me, breathing softly, whispering endearments, osculate my face, breasts and when he entered me, it was the first time I had ever experienced what it was like to feel a man from the inside. Womanhood in her Poetry Das uncanny honesty extends to her exploration of womanhood and love. In her poem An accounting entry from Summer in Calcutta, the bank clerk says, I am every/ Woman who seeks love (de Souza 10).Though Amar Dwivedi criticizes Das for this self cut downd and not natural universality, this feeling of oneness permeates her poetry (303). In D as look, womanhood involves certain corporal experiences. Indian women, however, do not discuss these experiences in deference to social mores. Das consistently refuses to accept their serenity. Feelings of longing and loss are not confined to a mystic misery. They are invited into the public athletic field and acknowledged. Das seems to insist they are public and have been felt by women across time.In The Maggots from the collection, The descendants, Das corroborates just how old the sufferings of women are. She frames the pain of lost love with past Hindu myths (de Souza 13). On their last night together, Krishna asks Radha if she is harebrained by his kisses. Radha says, No, not at all, but thought, What is/ It to the corpse if the maggots nip? (de Souza 6-7). Radhas pain is searing, and her silence is given voice by Das. Furthermore, by making a powerful goddess target to such thoughts, it serves as a establishment for ordinary women to have similar feelings. erotism in her PoetryCoupled with her exploration of womens needs is an attention to eroticism. The longing to lose ones self in passionate love is discussed in The flavor Glass from The Descendants. The narrator of the poem urges women to give their man what makes you women (de Souza 15). The things which society suggests are unsporting or taboo are the very things which the women are supposed to give. The musk of sweat between breasts/ The warm shock of menstrual blood should not be hidden from ones beloved. In the narrators eyes, love should be defined by this type of unconditional honesty.A woman should al-Qaeda nude before the glass with him, and allow her lover to see her exactly as she is. Likewise, the woman should appreciate even the accessible details of her lover, such as the jerked meat way he/ Urinates. Even if the woman may have to live Without him someday, the narrator does not seem to favor bridling ones passions to protect ones self. A restrained love seems to be no l ove at all only a total assiduity in love can do justice to this experience. Much like the creators of ancient Tantric art, Das makes no stress to hide the sensuality of the human form her work seems to elebrate its joyous potential while acknowledging its concurrent dangers. Feminism Das in one case said, I always wanted love, and if you dont get it within your home, you stray a little(Warrior interview). Though some might denominate Das as a womens rightist for her candor in dealing with womens needs and desires, Das has never tried to detect herself with any particular version of feminist activism (Raveendran 52). Das views can be characterized as a gut response, a reaction that, like her poetry, is unfettered by others mental pictures of right and wrong.Nonetheless, poet Eunice de Souza claims that Das has mapped out the terrain for post-colonial women in social and linguistic terms. Das has ventured into areas unclaimed by society and provided a point of source for her colleagues. She has transcended the judicature agency of a poet and simply embraced the role of a very honest woman. Death On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in Pune. Her body was flown to her home state of Kerala. She was inhumed at the Palayam Juma Masjid at Thiruvanathapuram with full state honour. trophys and other RecognitionsKamala Das has received many awards for her literary contribution, including Nominated and shortlisted for Nobel revalue in 1984. Asian Poetry lever-1998 Kent select for English Writing from Asian Countries-1999 Asian World Prize-2000 Ezhuthachan Award-2009 Sahitya Academy Award-2003 Vayalar Award2001 Kerala Sahitya Academy Award-2005 Muttathu Varkey Award She was a longtime friend of Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord, who published a memoir of their friendship, The Love Queen of Malabar, in 2010. Kamala Dass Works English 1964 The Sirens (Asian Poetry Prize winner) 965 Summer in Calcutta (poetry Kents Award winner) 1967 The Descendants (poetry) 1973 The Old Playhouse and separate Poems (poetry) 1976 My Story (autobiography) 1977 Alphabet of Lust (novel) 1985 The Anamalai Poems (poetry) 1992 Padmavati the Harlot and Other Stories (collection of short stories) 1996 Only the Soul Knows How to Sing (poetry) 2001 Yaa Allah (collection of poems) 1979 Tonight,This Savage Rite (with Pritish Nandy) 1999 My Mother At cardinal (Poem) Malayalam 1964 Pakshiyude Manam (short stories) 1966 Naricheerukal Parakkumbol (short stories) 968 Thanuppu (short story, Sahitya Academi award) 1982 Ente Katha (autobiography) 1987 Balyakala Smaranakal (Childhood Memories) 1989 Varshangalkku Mumbu (Years Before) 1990 Palayan (novel) 1991 Neypayasam (short story) 1992 Dayarikkurippukal (novel) 1994 Neermathalam Pootha Kalam (novel, Vayalar Award) 1996 Chekkerunna Pakshikal (short stories) 1998 Nashtapetta Neelambari (short stories) 2005 Chandana Marangal (Novel) 2005 Madhavikkuttiyude Unmakkadhakal (short stories)2x 2005 Vandikkalakal (novel) 1999 My Mother At Sixty- six-spot (Poem) Kamala Dass The Sunshine katThey did this to her, the men who know her, the man She loved, who loved her not enough, being selfish And a coward, the husband who uncomplete loved nor Used her, but was a ruthless watcher, and the band Of cynics she turned to, clinging to their chests where natural hair sprouted like great-winged moths, burrowing her fountain into their smells and their young lusts to forget To forget, oh, to forget, and, they said, each of Them, I do not love, I cannot love, it is not In my nature to love, but I can be kind to you. They let her slide from pegs of sanity into A bed made soft with tears, and she lay there weeping,For sleep had lost its use. I shall skeletal system walls with tears, She said, walls to shut me in. Her husband shut her In, every morning, locked her in a room of books With a streak of sunshine lying near the door like A discolor cat to keep her company, but soon Winter came, and one day while l ocking her in, he noticed that the cat of sunshine was only a Line, a half-thin line, and in the evening when He returned to take her out, she was a cold and Half subscriber lineless woman, now of no use at all to men drumhead In the poem The Sunshine Cat, the poetess rants over the disillusionment in her yearning for love.The ones who took payoff of her emotional instability are termed as men in general This so-called society inevitably included her husband too. He turned out to be a mere objective observer without any emotional attachment. Being selfish he did not exhibit the slightest display of love. And, being cowardly he did not refuse to give in sexually to her, for it would mark the relegation of his egohis perspective of masculinity.. He was a relentless onlooker to the point of being insensitive for he watched her encounters with other men like a circus affair.This is why Kamala Das employs the word band. She clinged on to this band of cynics. The word cling is ver y substantial, as one clings out of desperation, as in clinging onto dear life. A cynic is a person who believes that only selfishness motivates human actions. Her live revolved around these self-absorbed pot. Nevertheless, she burrows herself in the chest of these men. Note the word burrow is generally used with bring up to mongooses or rats that dig holes to hide themselves of for security. For the poetess, this was a temporary refuge to render herself secure as long as it lasted.The hair on their chests were like great-winged moths that came like parasites between them. The lovers were younger than herself and told her that they could not love her, but could be kind to her. The word kind is utilized to involve condescension a patronizing attitude on part of these superior lovers. In Girish Karnads Nagamandala, Appanna locks Rani in the house, as he leaves for work. In the case of the poetess in the decreed poem,the husband jails her in a room full of books. However, Kamala D as does not crave for intellectual company, but emotional companionship.She seeks solace in the streak of sunlight below the door. This is her ray of hopeher Sunshine Cat the sunny impulse in her. Nevertheless, as her life approached its winter, her husband notices her while locking her ,one day,that this streak had reduced to a thin line. The evening made him realize that she had mellowed down,partly due to age and partly owing to her despondency. The fire in her (evocative of the Sunshine Cat) had died away. Hence, she was of no use to any man as though the sole purpose of the woman in a mans life is for sexual gratification. A Hot Noon in MalabarThis is a noon of Beggers with whinning Voices, a noon for men who came from hills With parrots in a coop and fortune-cards, All stained with time, for brown Kurava girls With old eyes, who read palm in light singsong Voices, for bangle-sellers who spread On the serene black floor those red and verdancy and blue Bangles, all covered w ith the sprinkle of roads, Miles, grow cracks on the heels, so that when they Clambered up our porch, the noise was grating, Strange This is a noon for strangers who part The window-drapes and peer in, their hot eyes Brimming with the sun, not sightedness a thing in Shadowy live and turn away and lookSo yearningly at the brick-ledged well. This Is a noon for strangers with mistrust in Their eyes, dark, silent ones who rarely speak At all, so that when they speak, their voices Run wild, like jungle-voices. Yes, this is A noon for wild men, wild thoughts, wild love. To Be here, far away, is torture. Wild feet breathing in up the dust, this hot noon, at my plaza in Malabar, and I so far away American Literature Biography of enthalpy David Thoreau (1817-1862) henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817, in take, Massachusetts. He would live the mass of his life in that same township and die there in 1862.His father, a pencil ber named John Thoreau, and mother Cynthia Dunbar Thoreau christened him David enthalpy but always called him Henry. As an adult, Thoreau began to give his name as Henry David but never had it legally changed. The Thoreaus had three other children in addition to Henry Helen, five years older than Henry, John, jr. , two years older, and Sophia, two years younger. In 1821, the family travel to capital of Massachusetts, where they lived until 1823, when they returned to capital of New Hampshire. Thoreau later recalled a visit the family made to Walden Pond from Boston when he was four years old.When he was sixteen, Thoreau entered Harvard College, his grandfathers alma mater. His schooling was paid for by the bills his father made as a pencil manufacturer, combined with contributions from his elder siblings salaries from their dogma jobs. While at college, Thoreau studied Latin and Greek grammar and composition, and took classes in a wide variety of subjects, including mathematics, English, history, philosophy, and four differen t modern languages. He also made great use of the Harvard library holdings before graduating in 1837. After graduating, Thoreau accepted a job as a schoolteacher in Concord.His refusal to beat his students led to his dismissal from the position after only two weeks. That same year, Thoreau began keeping the journal in which he would write for the rest of his life and became friends with Concord residents Ralph Waldo Emerson and William Ellery Channing, and became a follower of transcendental philosophy. Emerson provided a letter of reference for young Thoreau, when he traveled to Maine in search of a teaching position at a private school. Unable to find a job in Maine, Thoreau returned to Concord and opened a school with his brother John.Concord Academy differed from other schools in its lack of corporal punishment and encouragement of learning by doing ? as by scientific experiments and nature walks. The school was successful in attracting students but lasted only three years. Whe n John became sick, Henry trenchant not to continue the school alone. He later worked as a jack of all trades at odd jobs throughout Concord and assisted in the familys pencil manufacture business. During this time, both Henry and John pelt in love with and proposed to a young woman named Ellen Seawall, whose younger brother Edward was a student at their school.Her fathers disapproval of Thoreaus Transcendentalism led her to refuse his proposal. They sent her to pertly York to end the romance, and she there met and married Joseph Osgood, though she remained friends with the Thoreaus throughout her life, maintaining a correspondence with Sophia Thoreau and having Henry as a guest in her home. Thoreau lived at the Emerson house for a time during 1841, working as a handyman. He had a romance with Mary Russell, a young woman who stayed with the Emersons during the summers of 1840 and 1841.He wrote her a love poem in 1841 but never proposed, and she eventually married Marston Watson, a friend of Thoreaus from Harvard. In 1842, Thoreaus brother John became ill with lockjaw, the result of a small untreated wound. John died in Henrys arms, and Henry highly-developed a sympathetic illness, exhibiting some of the symptoms of lockjaw, for several months. The following year, Thoreau made his most extensive break from Concord when he moved in with Emersons brothers family on expressn Island as a tutor for his children, hoping that he could succeed as a writer closer to the New York publishing industry.Upon returning home in December of 1843, Thoreau began to write an account of boat trip he had taken with John in 1839. That book would become A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, have poetry, historical background, and philosophical reflections with the narrative of the trip. Realizing he needed fewer distractions in order to concentrate on his writing, Thoreau decided to change his life by causeing and living in a cabin by the banks of Walden Pond, about a m ile and a half from the center of Concord. On July 4, 1845, the day before the anniversary of his brothers death,Thoreau moved into the cabin he had begun constructing during the spring. He stayed there for two years, sometimes traveling into Concord for supplies and alimentation with his family about once a week. Friends and family also visited him at his cabin, where he spent near every night. In 1846, he made the first of three trips to Maine that would become the basis for a later series of testifys authorise The Maine Woods. It was while Thoreau lived at Walden that he spent a night in the Concord jail that became the basis for the famous evidence now known as civil noncompliance. Thoreau had not paid his poll measure to the town for several years because he opposed the use of town revenues to finance the US war with Mexico and enforcement of thralldom laws. The town constable, when arresting him, offered to pay the revenue himself but Thoreau refused and spent a night in jail. The tax was paid that very night, most likely by Thoreaus aunt mare Thoreau, but Thoreau was not released until the morning. In 1848, Thoreau gave a speech to the Concord Lyceum that would be adapted to be the essay foe to Civil Government, published in 1849.In 1847, Thoreau spent the fall living at the Emerson household, flavor after the family while Emerson was in England. After that, he returned to his parents home where he remained for the rest of his life. The curiosity of Concord residents regarding the reasons for the two years Thoreau spent living in a cabin in the woods led him to give a series of lectures in 1847 about his life at Walden. During this time, he also completed a prelude drafts of both Walden and A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. The last mentioned book was published by James Munroe & Co. n 1848. Thoreau had concord to pay for any copies of the book which were not sold ultimately few were sold, and he lost $275 on the deal. Between 18 47 and 1854, Thoreau continually redrafted and revised Walden. Ticknor and Field published an edition of 2,000 copies in 1854. Reviews were predominantly positive, and 1,700 copies sold during the following year. Though Thoreau attempted to arrange a nation-wide lecture tour, only one urban center made an offer, and Thoreau limited his lectures to the Concord area. besides in 1854, Thoreau gave a speech on Slavery in Massachusetts. Though he was not a member of any abolitionist societies, because he opposed the notion of societies, he was fervently opposed to slavery. cardinal years later, he gave an impassioned defense for Captain John Brown, defending the godliness of Browns violent uprising at Harpers convey and condemning the US regimen for funding slavery. Another speech that year was called The coda Days of John Brown. Both show that Thoreau had proceeded from passive fortress to the institution of slavery to support for armed rebellion as a means of ending the raw institution.During 1851 and 1855, Thoreau suffered bouts of tuberculosis, whose symptoms he felt even as he continued to lecture. Thoreau spent the end of his life concentrating heavily on detailed, scientific naturalistic writing. His Maine journals were published in Atlantic Monthly in 1858. James Russell Lowell, with whom Thoreau had long had a contentious relationship, was the editor of the publication and deleted a sentence from the essays, considering it blasphemous in response, Thoreau refused to speak to him for the rest of his life.Ticknor and palm, the publishers of Walden, purchased the magazine in 1859, and in 1861, James Fields suggested 250-book separate of Walden. He also agreed to republish the unsold copies of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. Thoreau had become quite ill with tuberculosis in 1861. On April 12, Fields visited Thoreau in Concord to take hold of the unsold copies of his book for republication. A year later, on May 6, 1862, Thoreau died a t the age of 44. A month later, the reprintings of his two books were in conclusion published.Essays published about Thoreau after his death, written by Lowell and Emerson, emphasized Thoreaus ascetic, Spartan qualities without giving adequate weight to his philosophical contributions. Thus, Thoreau was not well-appreciated during the nineteenth-century and was often seen as a lesser imitator of Emerson. Only beginning in the 1890s, after critical evaluation of his writings, did Thoreau come to be appreciated for his literary merit. In the twentieth-century, he has come to be seen as one of he most significant nineteenth-century American writers. Civil Disobedience Summary Thoreau opens his essay with the motto That government is better(p) which governs least. His distrust of government stems from the tendency of the last mentioned to be perverted and abused before the people can actually express their will through it. A case in point is the Mexican war (1846-1848, which extende d slavery into new US territories), orchestrated by a small elite of psyches who have manipulated government to their good against popular will.Government inherently lends itself to oppressive and corrupt uses since it enables a few men to impose their honorable will on the majority and to profit economically from their own position of authority. Thoreau views government as a central hindrance to the creative enterprise of the people it purports to represent. He cites as a blush example the regulation of trade and commerce, and its prejudicial effect on the forces of the free market. A man has an obligation to act gibe to the dictates of his conscience, even if the latter goes against majority opinion, the presiding leadership, or the laws of society.In cases where the government supports inequitable or immoral laws, Thoreaus notion of service to ones country paradoxically takes the form of resistance against it. Resistance is the highest form of patriotism because it demon strates a desire not to subvert government but to build a better one in the long term. Along these lines, Thoreau does not advise a wholesale rejection of government, but resistance to those specific features deemed to be below the belt or immoral. In the American tradition, men have a recognized and cherished right of revolution, from which Thoreau derives the concept of civil noncompliance.A man disgraces himself by associating with a government that treats even some of its citizens unjustly, even if he is not the direct victim of its injustice. Thoreau takes issue with William Paley, an English theologian and philosopher, who argues that any movement of resistance to government must balance the enormity of the injustice to be redressed and the probability and expense of redressing it. It may not be convenient to resist, and the face-to-face costs may be greater than the injustice to be remedied however, Thoreau firmly asserts the primacy of individual conscience over collec tive pragmatism.Thoreau turns to the issue of effecting change through democratic means. The position of the majority, however legitimate in the linguistic context of a democracy, is not tantamount to a moral position. Thoreau believes that the real obstacle to enlighten lies with those who disapprove of the measures of government while tacitly lending it their practical subjection. At the very least, if an unjust government is not to be directly resisted, a man of true conviction should cease to lend it his indirect support in the form of taxes.Thoreau acknowledges that it is realistically impossible to deprive the government of tax dollars for the specific policies that one wishes to oppose. Still, complete defrayal of his taxes would be tantamount to expressing complete allegiance to the assign. Thoreau calls on his fellow citizens to withdraw their support from the government of Massachusetts and risk being thrown in prison for their resistance. labored to keep all men in prison or abolish slavery, the accede would quickly exhaust its resources and choose the latter course of action.For Thoreau, out of these acts of conscience flow a mans real manhood and immortality. notes is a generally corrupting force because it binds men to the institutions and the government responsible for unjust practices and policies, such as the enslavement of black Americans and the pursuit of war with Mexico. Thoreau sees a paradoxically inverse relationship between coin and freedom. The poor man has the greatest intimacy to resist because he depends the least on the government for his own welfare and protection. After refusing to pay the poll tax for six years, Thoreau is thrown into jail for one night.While in prison, Thoreau realizes that the only advantage of the postulate is superior physical strength. Otherwise, it is completely devoid of moral or intellectual authority, and even with its inhumane force, cannot compel him to think a certain way. Why submit o ther people to ones own moral standard? Thoreau meditates at length on this question. While seeing his neighbors as essentially well-intentioned and in some respects undeserving of any moral contempt for their apparent tranquillity to the States injustice, Thoreau nonetheless concludes that he has a human relation to his neighbors, and through them, millions of other men.He does not expect his neighbors to conform to his own beliefs, nor does he endeavor to change the nature of men. On the other hand, he refuses to tolerate the status quo. Despite his stance of civil noncompliance on the questions of slavery and the Mexican war, Thoreau claims to have great respect and admiration for the ideals of American government and its institutions. Thoreau goes so far as to state that his first instinct has always been conformity.Statesmen, legislators, politiciansin short, any part of the machinery of state bureaucracyare unable to inventory the government that lends them their authority. Thoreau values their contributions to society, their pragmatism and their diplomacy, but feels that only someone outside of government can speak the Truth about it. The purest sources of truth are, in Thoreaus view, the Constitution and the Bible. Not surprisingly, Thoreau holds in low esteem the entire political class, which he considers incapable of formulate the most basic forms of legislation.In his last paragraph, Thoreau comes full circle to discussing the authority and reach of government, which derives from the kisser and consent of the governed. Democracy is not the last step in the evolution of government, as there is still greater room for the State to recognize the freedom and rights of the individual. Thoreau concludes on an utopic note, saying such a State is one he has imagined but not yet anywhere seen. Civil Disobedience Themes The right to resistance Thoreau affirms the absolute right of individuals to withdraw their support rom a government whose policies are immoral or unjust. He takes issue with the brand of moral philosophy that weighs the possible consequences of civil disobedience against the seriousness of the injustice. The methods of resistance Thoreau condones in his essay are pacifist and rely generally on economic pressure for example, keep back taxes in order to drain the State of its resources and hence its ability to continue its unjust policies. The ultimate goal of civil disobedience is not to undermine democracy but to reinforce its core values of closeness and respect for the individual.Individual conscience and morality Only an individual can have and mold a conscience. By definition, both the State and corporations are impersonal, amoral entities that are nonetheless composed of individuals. It has been truly said, that a corporation has no