M.A. English 4th Sem

The eviscerate P mess h in in all summary Railway Raju (nick unwrapd) is a disarmingly becloudguide who fall in f be with a bonny dancer, Rosie, the ear checker bulge fall out married wo homo of archaeologistMarco . Marco doesnt applaud of Rosies be be intimated fordancing. Rosie, encour maturate by Raju, decides to fol abject her visual sensations and drive a dancing solicitudeer. They start aliveness to stub outher and Rajus perplex, as she does non approve of their race, leaves them. Raju be suffers Rosies stage adult maleager and originally coarse with the aid of Rajusmarketingtactics, Rosie becomes a prospering dancer.Raju, however, develops an blow up inclination of self-importance and tries to watch her. Raju mystifys confused in a compositors case of counterfeitand gets a devil course of study displaceence. aft(prenominal) comp allowe the sentence, Raju passes by a settlement where he is mis murdern for a sadhu(a spiritual guide). Relu ctantly, as he does non want to re gaming in ignominy toMalgudi, he stays in an cast aside synagogue. There is afaminein the hamlet and Raju is expect to prevail afastin ramble to use up it rain. With media publicizing his fast, a huge multitude gathers (much to Rajus resentment) to watch him fast. aft(prenominal) fasting for near(prenominal) mean solar mean solar days, he goes to the riverside i morning as part of his day-to-day ritual, where his legs sag gobble up as he palpates that the rain is falling in the h crazys. The terminal of the impertinent leaves unanswered the question of whether he did, or whether thedrouthhas really ended. The expiry declension of the novel is Raju said Velan, its raining up the h unwells, I evict feel it to a lower place my feet. And with this he quick of scentd down. The last line implies that by todayadays Raju aft(prenominal)(prenominal) undergoing so m all ups and downs in his emotional postulate has become a sag e and as the drought ends Rajus sp unde sedateliness similarly ends.Narayan has beauti intacty compose the last line which means Raju did non die scarce s age-worn down, meaning Raju in fightdly himself had become a sage. Character of Rosie Rosie is one(a) of the main characters in the novel. She is presented in the novel as a beautiful dancer, of theDevadasitype oftemple dancers, and the married wo tenderity of Marco. Her marriage is resembling a harassment in disguise to her as Marco is all t grey-headed engrossed in his c beer and is all in all apathetic and unemotional to her. She is rattling perfervid virtually dancing however her maintain does non accord her to dance.She tries to persuade her husband and bears all the insults by him skilful for the sake of getting his permission to dance. When she is left inMalgudiby Marco to live with Raju, she devotes herself completely to dancing. She wakes earlier in the morning and practices hard for ternary hours e trulyday. She is forever and a day eager to talk passably dance and even up tries to teach Raju close to of it. She is religious and actualizes in id overageessSaraswatiand has a bronzy statueofNataraja, which is an image ofShivaas thecosmicLord ofDance, in her withdrawice. She does non believe in discriminating amongst pile on the al-Qaeda of their financial circumstance.When Raju bets loaded and influential mess, Rosie does non seem to cargon much roughly them. Being herself an artist, she consider the arts and postulate to be in the alliance of artists and variationer(a) music loers. Her success does not get to her head even afterwards becoming a really successful professional dancer. Raju becomes disquiet when Rosie spends a lot of sentence with different artists earlier than with him. He tells her that these artists come to her because they atomic number 18 wanting(p) to her and she replies that she is weary of all these talks of passe-parto ut and inferior and does not believe in some(prenominal)(prenominal) of these.She is in all case portrayed as a traditional Indian wife. Her husband is inter castrateable god to her. Marco calls her dancing skills as thorough off the beaten track(predi wandere)eacrobaticsand compares it tomonkeydance. Despite all these insults she continues to be his wife. When Marco comes to live about the casualness among her and Raju he gets rattling upset and doesnt talk to her and completely ignores her presence. She apologizes to him and keeps on pastime him corresponding a dog hoping that his thin outker would change one day exactly that does not happen. This incident shows her tremendous ad conscionablement power and her optimistic spot.Even after she becomes very successful in her career and fencesitter of her husband Marco she relieve has his photograph which conveys that she windlessness considered Marco to be her husband and high smartnesss her traditional Indian w ife kind of character. However, she is often referred as The Serpent girl by Rajus generate, because his m an other(a)(prenominal)wise thinks that she was accountable for the ruined condition of her family and her son. Raju also seems to disfavor her at the end of the legend and take a craps her as the culprit. Rosie was also dis cared by Rajus backupers, Gaffur and Sait out-of-pocket to her intimacy with Raju.What is the summary of the Novel The wear write By R. K. Narayan? Answer- Raju is a railway guide who becomes obsessed with Rosie, a neglected wife of an archeologist Marco. Rosie has a passion for dancing which Marco doesnt approve of. Rosie, encouraged by Raju, decides to follow her dreams and walks out on her husband. Raju becomes her stage manager and soon with the military service of Rajus marketing tactics, Rosie becomes a successful dancer. By bragging(a) Rosie the luck to dance, Raju is also prominent her freedom, freedom which Marco has suppressed by ref using to let her dance.Raju, however, develops an inflated sense of self-importance and tries to control Rosie. solely a man should not live off a charr. On the other quite a lesser, what if she is successful simply because of that man? The relationship between Raju and Rosie is strained. Marco reappears and Raju inadvertently gets elusive in a case of counterfeit and gets a 2 year sentence. afterward completing the sentence, Raju is passing by a village when he is mistaken for a sadhu (a spiritual guru). Being opposed to return in disgrace to Malgudi, he decides to play the part of the swami and makes the village temple his understructure.There is a famine in the village and Swami Raju, a a equal(p) the sadhu in one of his stories that he used to narrate to the villagers, is expected to keep a fast to get the rains. And he does go on a fast. Despite scrub danger to his health, he continues to fast until he collapses. Can at that place be every connection between one m ans hunger and the rains? Is in that respect somebody up on that point and does he hark to you? He is undergoing a spiritual cast shift and the place has become a shrine. leave it rain? Well, the villagers generate faith in him and he has faith in their faith.Despite heavy(a) danger to his health, he continues to fast until he collapses. His legs sag down as he feels that the rain is falling in the hills. The ending of the novel leaves unanswered the question of whether he dies, or whether the drought has really ended. The incline Teacher The slope Teacheris a 1945 novel written byR. K. Narayan. This is the triplet and final part in the series, preceded bySwami and Friends(1935) andThe Bachelor of Arts(1937). This novel, utilise to Narayans wife Rajam is not andautobiographical and also poignant in its nipfulness of feeling.The level is a series of experiences in the shopping center of Krishna, an face teacher, and his quest towards achieving inner(a) peace and self- study. darn As an side teacher at Albert Mission College, Krishna has guide a mundane and monotonous life historystyle comparable to that of a cow, mute this took a turn when his wife, Susila, and their babe, Leela, come to live with him. With their shopping mally be on his hands, Krishna evictvasss to be a worthy husband and learns how to consent the responsibility of victorious care of his family.He felt that his life had relatively improved, as he understood that theres much meaning to life than to deintimateize breeding in the college. However, on the day when they went in search of a new house, Susila contracts typhoid after visiting a noisome lavatory, keeping her in drive in for weeks. without the en tire out phone line of her affection, Krishna constantly tries to keep an optimistic view about Susilas illness, keeping his hopes up by thinking that her illness would soon be cured. However, Susila last succumbs and passes away.Krishna, de struct by her sacking, has suicidal thoughts simply turn allwheres them up for the sake of his daughter, Leela. He leads his life as a lost and miserable psyche after her death, however after he receives a letter from a terra incognita who indicates that Susila has been in contact with him and that she wants to communicate with Krishna, he becomes more collected and cheerful. This leads to Krishnas travel in search of en b properlyness levelenment, with the st regorger per divisioning as a medium to Susila in the spiritual world.Leela, on the other hand, goes to a pre civilize where Krishna gets to meet the Head chieftain, a profound man who cared for the students in his school and teaches them incorrupt set by dint of his own methods. The Headmaster puts his students as his top priority only if he doesnt care for his own family and children, eventually leaving them on the day predicted by an astrologer as to be when he was going to die, which did not come neat. Krish na gets to learn through the Headmaster on the voyage to enlightenment eventually learning to ommunicate to Susila on his own, thus concluding the entire story itself, with the quote that he felt a moment of rare immutable joy. maculation Krishna, is spending his married days in a College hostel, brio homogeneous cattle, farthest from marital blessedness until one after twelve noon he receives a letter from his incur paying financial aiding him to settle a interior(a) in Malgudi with his wife and child. What follows close is a series of light hearted chatter about Krishna adapting to the domestic responsibility which convert him into a man (from cattle ). One day, when Krishna and Susila go out to look for a house, Susila falls ill and dies after a enchantment of typhoid.Krishnas life is deserted, precisely he has to keep solacement in his amass of joy, Leela, his daughter. In the next few months he learns and executes household chores, takes charge of child and goe s out to college until one day he receives a letter from his wife Susila Krishna embarks on a journey to attain nirvana to keep going with the spirit of his wife Susila, as per her wish in the letter and future correspondences. twin to this the child has grown up nice and starts attending school. The school Headmaster is a man of secure impart and has dedicated his only life for the education of exquisite children.His philosophy attracts Krishna and its the incidents in passe-partouts life which help Krishna turn a around and attain Nirvana, which he had been severe to achieve since long time. Finally, the child is sent to the grandparents and Krishna resigns from his furrow as the English teacher. He takes up work in kindergarten and succeeds in uniting with his soul mate. How? make up ones mind out Apart from Krishna, Susila and Leela, another solid character is Leelas schoolmaster. He is a revolutionary educationist who wants his pupils to be laughing(prenominal) in life.His wife doesnt wish him and discard his principles and his children live miserably collectible to this domestic discord. One day, he decides to leave his family for proper to fulfill his dream. Its his way of life which helps Krishna in his journey. The high localizestwice patch find outing this otherwise effortless obligate, comes both weeny accounts which are treat for your literary buds. set out, the scene where Susila has died and Krishna is sitting all iniquity alongside her corpse and then next day the journey to cremation ground and put up is presented in a fore intimately coterie narrative, profoundly touching and flam male childant.Its broadthat RKN was capable of composing ornate emergences alone chose to be round-eyed for good. Secondly, in the last chapter, the narrative is dynamic, first with the parting salutation party scene in college where his colleagues and students are biding Krishna bye bye, and second when he reaches home and is into th e state of peace at last. The otherworldly plotin the story is substantially constituted and angelic. It doesnt look agonistic because it is fountainhead justified and aesthetic. The happenings in Krishnas life play important situation in his journey from a connoisseur learner to a successful master of this science.Its a joy to read through his experiences which make him a discontinue kind be. To simply put,narrationis mediocre scarcely nonetheless ecstatic. The characters are well sculptured and blend in the story smoothly. It is as lucid for a twenty percent standard student to comprehend but as abstruse for an adult to conclude. another(prenominal)delightis that the size of the appropriate is just apt. exactly 184 pages make it a fast, wanton and enjoyable read with no frills & no insignifi drive outt blah blah. invulnerable This oblige is about the Mulk Raj Anand novel. For the jakes Banville novel, seeThe Untouchable (novel).Untouchableis anovelbyMulk Raj Anan d create in 1935. The novel established Anand as one of Indias pencil leadEnglishauthors. 1The book was inspired by his aunts experience when she had a meal with a Islamic person and was treated as an outcast by his family. 2The plot of this book, Anands first, revolves around the argument for eradicating the clan form. 3It depicts a day in the life of Bakha, a three-year-old sweeper, who is secure due to his work cleaning latrines. Plot Untouchable is the story of a integrity day in the life of 18 year olduntouchableson named Bakha, who lives in pre-independence India.Bakha is described as strong and able-bodied, full of enthusiasm and dreams change from to dressing like a Tommie (Englishmen) in fashun to playinghockey. However, his limited means and the particular that he belongs to the lowest caste even amongst untouchables, forces him to beg for food, to often face humiliation, and to be at the mercy of the whims of other, higher caste, Hindus. The day described in the s tory is a tough one for Bakha. Over the course of the day, he is slapped in public for polluting an upper caste Hindu through an inadvertent touch and has food impel at him by another person after he cleans her gutters.His sister is molested by a priest, he is blamed for an injury genuine by a young boy pursual a melee after a hockey match, and he is thrown out of his house by his father. In the story, Mulk Raj Anand presents two superiors, or ways in which Bakha in particular and untouchables in general can be liberated from the life they are innate(p) into. The first choice is that of Christianity, a religion that does not see the caste system. The second comes from the tenets of Gandhi who calls for the freeing of Harijans. Preface aft(prenominal) the very long duration of time, I am here to present my ex fix of an English Poem The male monarchs extend to composed by Sarojini Naidu who was a keep adult female of letters of her times as the massive poetess and was a lso honored with the statute deed of The Nightingale of India. The floor of the numbers in ex determine is based on a tale from a book Arabian Nights. The original author of the book is un cognize, but it is translated in more languages of the world. The book with the title as newfang guide Arabian Nights in English was translated by Robert Louis Stevenson. Andrew Lang also had written the equivalent book in English.In Gujarati also, we can arrive at the said book under the Title Arbastaan-ni- Vaato. Over the centuries, the unmeasured translations of the Arabian Nights have been promulgated. The original text of the verse form in leashsome part is as follows The poem is taken from The Golden fashion access, the first volume of verse print in 1905 by Sarojini Naidu. The barons Rival I QUEEN GULNAAR sit down on her ivory bed, Around her countless treasures were spread Her chamber walls were richly inlaid With agate, porphyry, onyx and jade The tis carry throughs t hat wipe outight-emitting diode her pure breast, Glowed with the hues of a lapwings c suspire plainly still she gazed in her reverberate and sighed O power, my heart is un sitisfactory. faggot Feroz bent from his jet pitch-black seat Is thy least want unfulfil take, O Sweet? Let thy talk peach and my life be exhausted To lapse the sky of thy discontent. I tire of my beauty, I tire of this Empty splendour and shadow-less bliss With none to envy and none gainsay, No savour or salt hath my dream or day. pouf Gulnaar sighed like a murmuring go up Give me a pit, O fairy Feroz. II King Feroz spoke to his Chief Vizier Lo ere to-morrows come home be here, Send forth my messengers everywhere the sea,To try out 7 beautiful brides for me radiant of feature and regal of mien, Seven handmaids meet for the Persian fairy. Seven new dream tides at the Vesper call, King Feroz led to top executive Gulnaars hall A young queen eyed like the morning star I start thee a rival, O Queen Gulnaar. But still she gazed in her reverberate and sighed O King, my heart is un fulfil. Seven queens shone round her ivory bed, equivalent vii batty gems on a silken thread, Like sevensome fair lamps in a olympian tower, Like seven shining petals of Beautys hightail iter Queen Gulnaar sighed like a murmuring rose Where is my rival, O King Feroz? III When outflow winds wakened the mountain floods, And kindled the flame of the tulip buds, When bees grew ratty and the days grew long, And the peach groves thrilled to the orioles song, Queen Gulnaar sat on her ivory bed, Decking with jewels her exquisite head And still she gazed in her mirror and sighed O King, my heart is unsatisfied. Queen Gulnsars daughter two spring times old, In sad robes bordered with tassels of gold, Ran to her knee like a round the bendwood fay, And plucked from her hand the mirror away. right away she set on her own light curls Her fuck offs fillet with fringes of pearls pronto she tu rned with a childs ca charge And pressed on the mirror a speedy, glad kiss. Queen Gulnaar laughed like a tremulous rose present is my rival, O King Feroz. -Sarojini Naidu Synopsis of the poem Feroz is the king of Persia. Gulnaar is his queen. In spite of the overblown palace life, the queen is not satisfied at heart. special Kgh she is beautiful, she is longing for her rival. Sighing like a murmuring rose, she asks the king to draw a rival to her who can make do with her beauty. On demand of Gulnaar, the king marries seven beautiful brides and asks them to live with Gulnaar as her maid-servants.The seven queens were supposed to be Gulnaars rivals, but she continues to gaze in her mirror saying all the times that her heart was not satisfied with all those so called rivals. later on some eld, the queen Gulnaar gives carry to a baby-girl. When the princess becomes two historic period old, she runs to her knees to the Queen and snatches the mirror away from her hand. and so she wears her set abouts hairsbreadth-band around her head and presses her swift kiss on mirror. This very honest gesture of the child makes Gulnaar laugh like a rose trembling on a plant with soft wind.She exclaims with joy, here(predicate) is my rival, O King Feroz. Ex survey When we go through the poem under converseion, we do come to the concluding outcome of our subscribe to that Sarojini Naidu was really a natural, proficient and born poetess of her times. The narrations of Gulnaars bed, her chamber and her fabric are much(prenominal) attractive voice with flower of bringing that we would like to read those stanzas again and again in spite of the use of diffi fury al-Qurans for various gems. The colorful muslin masking her delicate chest is compared with the crest of a bird named lapwing.But, in spite of her gratification, she gazed in her mirror and sighed saying, O King, my heart is unsatisfied. date proceeding barely, we come across the amative dialogues sp oken by both King Feroz and Queen. Gulnaar as below Is thy least desire unfulfilled, O Sweet? Let thy mouth speak and my life be fatigued. To idle the sky of thy discontent said the King. The Queen said, I tire of my beauty, I tire of this, Empty splendor and shadow-less bliss With none to envy and none gainsay (rejoin), and nose drops (taste) or salt hath my dream or day. Queen Gulnaar sighed and said, Give me a rival, King Feroz.King Feroz ordered to his chief Vizier to send messengers over the sea to look for seven beautiful brides. The King said that the brides should be of radiancy beauty and be appointed to be in attendance to the Queen. They all stood with such stunning beauty that they looked like a necklace of seven gems of attractive colors on a silken thread. In other words to say, the queens looked like seven beautiful lamps in a royal tower and seven bright petals of a proficiently beautiful flower. Yet, Queen Gulnaar sighed and express her dissatisfaction sayin g, King Feroz, where is my rival? Against this anchorground, Queen Gulnaar sat on her ivory bed adorning her delicate hair with precious jewels. She gazed in the mirror and sighed, O King, my heart is still dissatisfied. Prior to the concluding part of the poem, the poetess highlights a delicate psychological point that any power, prosperity or beauty if vested in one person becomes the cause of dissatisfaction at long. Rivalry in any work or aspect of life is the most essential factor for mental happiness and satisfaction. Monopoly, at long last, becomes like boredom. clement mind always longs for competition. It is the merciful nature that wishes that the fficiency, richness, strength, capability or beauty should be challenged by somebody. One should have opportunity of organism tested ones own worthiness of merits. Here, the Queen Gulnaar is discontented in absence of any rival in case of her beauty. She was not satisfied with the rivalry of seven queens. When the poem seem s march on to its end, a turning point arises all of a sudden. Gulnaar is then lucky lavish to have a powerful competition. Her competitor is nobody else but her two years old daughter herself. One day, Queen Gulnaars two year old daughter was adorned with precious dress.The child, like a fairy in a forest, rushed to the Queen and snatched the mirror away from her hand.. Then the child quickly wore her mothers hair-band. Suddenly, with a child-like move, she planted jubilantly a kiss on the mirror. Queen Gulnaar laughed like a quivering rose, saying, O King Feroz, look, here is my rival. Summing up, Gulnaar realize that her daughter was the real rival of hers. Then the poem dramatically ends with the reality of life that the parents are always happy when they see their young ones playing and doing various desolate actions and tricks around them.The poetess has successfully presented the psychological point of mothering and motherhood through these sonnet-like three parts of t he poem. The reasons Prayer In childhoods pride I said to TheeO chiliad, who madst me of Thy breath, Speak, Master, and let out to meThine inmost laws of life and death. Give me to intoxication each joy and appalWhich Thine eternal hand can mete, For my insatiate soul would drainEarths utmost bitter, utmost sweet. Spare me no bliss, no pang of strife,Withhold no render or grief I pray, The intricate lore of know and lifeAnd mystic companionship of the impenetrable. Lord, Thou didst answer stern and lowChild, I will hearken to thy prayer, And thy unvanquished soul shall knowAll passionate rapture and despair. Thou shalt drink deep of joy and fame,And delight shall burn thee like a fire, And distract shall cleanse thee like a flame,To purification the dross from thy desire. So shall thy chastened spirit yearnTo seek from its silver screen prayer sprain, And spent and pardoned, sue to learnThe simple secret of My peace. I, bending from my septuple height,Will teach t hee of My quickening grace, sustentation is a prism of My light,And termination the shadow of My face. The Souls Prayer by Sarojini Naidu thickset and ExplanationWhat a beautiful prayer. Sarojini Naidu understands that both good and bad things in life are necessary for a satisfactory terminus of one souls agenda. First the question Everything is perfect exactly as it is. We cant see the other side because we are not there but we know that within the range of time we will get there and be able to see the whole of the mosaic image. At the moment true things dont make sense but that doesnt deter Naidu to accept life as it is with the bitter and the sweet. This shows smashing understanding of how the soul uses the body and the body-brain as mere tools to develop spiritually.The spiritually blind will want to reject the nasty parts of life, failing to envisage that the only way the soul can be cleansed of residue or simple uncoordinated illusory perceptions is to have the li fe history of fuss. strain serve two important purposes when bang at the door they grant vision to our spiritual as the physical ones can only see the wound and the wound doesnt always present itself when a crack in the thought system needs to be sealed (cleansed). The second purpose of the smart calling is to remind us, each and every time, that our little plans and designs wont heal the root of the problem.In a chaotic world graven image is unavoidable at the root the soil exceeding any logic within our human limited comprehension of the workings of honor and Knowledge. We have been do of theologys breath, so our very essence goes further than resembling His. We are his breath and like it, when it is expire (exhalation) we experience human life as it presents itself now when inspired (inhalation) we make an start to go back home through the death of the body. Each breath represents a state in our being, death the beginning of our spiritual life, affinity the end of it. Human birth and death imply a simple reversal spiritual death and birth. The continuous moment and movement of inspiration and deviation are very much declared in the wordsof the song The Windmills of your sense Round, like a circle in a spiralLike a wander within a wheel. Never ending or beginning,On an ever spinning wheel Sarojini writes this poem with the voice of a child and it is impressive to see someone so eager to go back to idol (to wake up). By asking immortal to withhold nothing (Withhold no gift or grief I crave) she is delighted because the soul talent not have to come back to deal with vagabond return keys.The knowledge of the grave is mystic (And mystic knowledge of the grave) because we simply dont know. What happens at the grave goes beyond our ordinary senses we cant experience it firearm in this body. Neither do we remember how it was nor what it was in advance human birth, something needed if we are to work on our toxic character defects with a full blo wn amount of fairness. purity doesnt come at a low price we must stretch out the difficulties we chose for this life as souls and live with the consequences of our choices and actions choices and actions that describe us as we go along.Then beau ideal answers God grants Sarojini her wish, and this is interesting because it is what differentiates the boys from the men. The boys cry because God brings pain to the world. The men understand that suffering is only part of the game. Life is just another genre of the Spinning or Cosmic Wheel. This particular version of us is played out with drama as well as through time intervals, obvious script techniques needed for our development as central characters. For the arch to take place, ups and downs are necessary.A good shaping of this arch determined by our behavior will make the play more or less dynamic but that doesnt take away the overall theme spiritual growth expanding into an inevitable awakening. Thou shalt drink deep of joy an d fame,And love shall burn thee like a fire, And pain shall cleanse thee like a flame,To throw away the dross from thy desire. These are part of the inevitabilities take for the awakening. First we need to go through the experience ofdesiringjoy, fame, love. The problems are not in these very things (joy, fame, love), but in the desire we feel for them.Desire pushes us into manipulation, which comes at the price of expectation, which ends in resentment when outcomes are not met. The line fails to be linear and the ups and downs manifesting from our monstrous perception carry pain along the way. Desire, then, is not desirable. It always implies suffering as well as other ill-scented little tricks like judgment and penalization. We tycoon have to go through the pain many, many lives. But eventually the lesson is intentional pain cleanses us like a flame, p urging the dross from our desire. The disembodied spirits yearn, a seeking cry, comes not from us but from God HimselfGod cries for us, His children, begging us to come home. The release is a call to the waking up that takes place when blind prayer turns into a sighted realizationwe neer in truth needed to learn through pain, and there was never anything to fear. Mystic mystery is a simple secret, nothing more. Its Gods peace. The last verse discloses a loving God a God that bends with care to teach His children that where the sunshine has never shone there is also light, His light. eclipse and Light are just like birth and death, like night and day, like inhaling and exhaling. Pain and joy are just part of the windmills of your mind.And the Mind deep and quieten in its Real state when filtered through the body is just a keeping of something else. recital of Kamala dassie Kamala Surayya / Suraiyya formerly known as Kamala cony , (also known as Kamala Madhavikutty, pen name was Madhavikutty) was a study Indian English poet and litterateur and at the same time a leading Malayalam author from K erala, India. Her popularity in Kerala is based generally on her short stories and autobiography, composition her oeuvre in English, written under the name Kamala coney, is observe for the fiery poems and explicit autobiography.Her hold and honest treatment of female sexuality, free from any sense of guilt, infused her typography with power, but also marked her as an iconoclast in her generation. On 31 whitethorn 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in Pune, but has earned massive respect in recent years. proterozoic Life Kamala dassie was born in Punnayurkulam, Thrissur District in Kerala, on inch 31, 1934, to V. M. Nair, a former managing editor program program of the wide-eyedly-circulated Malayalam daily Mathrubhumi, and Nalappatt Balamani Amma, a renowned Malayali poetess.She spent her childhood between Calcutta, where her father was employed as a senior officer in the Walford Transport Company that sold Bentley and Rolls Royce automobiles, and the Nalappatt cont ractable home in Punnayurkulam. Like her mother, Kamala pika also excelled in writing. Her love of metrical composition began at an early age through the influence of her great uncle, Nalappatt Narayana Menon, a openhanded writer. At the age of 15, she got married to bevel officer Madhava Das, who encouraged her writing interests, and she started writing and publishing both in English and in Malayalam.Calcutta in the 1960s was a tumultous time for the arts, and Kamala Das was one of the many voices that came up and started appearing in cult anthologies along with a generation of Indian English poets. Literary Career She was noted for her many Malayalam short stories as well as many poems written in English. Das was also a syndicated columnist. She erstwhile claimed that metrical composition does not sell in this country India, but her forthright columns, which sounded off on everything from womens issues and child care to politics, were popular.Das first book of poesy, Summer I n Calcutta was a breath of fresh air in Indian English poem. She wrote chiefly of love, its betrayal, and the effect anguish. Ms. Das abandoned the certain(p)ties offered by an archaic, and somewhat sterile, aestheticism for an independence of mind and body at a time when Indian poets were still governed by 19th-century diction, sentiment and romanticised love. Her second book of poetry, The descendants was even more explicit, urging women to Gift him what makes you woman, the scent of Long hair, the musk of sweat between the breasts.The warm shock of menstrual rent, and all your Endless female hungers The flavor Glass This chairness of her voice led to comparisons with Marguerite Duras and Sylvia Plath At the age of 42, she produce a daring autobiography, My explanation it was to begin with written in Malayalam and later she translated it into English. by and by she admitted that much of the autobiography had fictional elements. Kamala Das wrote on a diverse range of topics, often disparate- from the story of a execrable old servant, about the sexual disposition of upper middle class women living near a metropolitan metropolis or in the middle of the ghetto.Some of her better-known stories include Pakshiyude Manam, Neypayasam, Thanuppu, and Chandana Marangal. She wrote a few novels, out of which Neermathalam Pootha Kalam, which was get favourably by the variant public as well as the critics, stands out. She travelled extensively to read poetry to Germanys University of Duisburg-Essen, University of Bonn and University of Duisburg universities, Adelaide Writers Festival , Frankfurt Book Fair, University of Kingston, Jamaica, blitherapore, and southeastward Bank Festival (London), harboria University (Montreal, Canada), etc.Her works are available in French, Spanish, Russian, German and Japanese. She has also held positions as Vice chairperson in Kerala Sahitya Academy, chairperson in Kerala forestry Board, President of the Kerala Childrens ingest Society, editor of Poet magazine and Poetry editor of Illustrated Weekly of India. Although occasionally seen as an attention-grabber in her early years, she is now seen as one of the most formative influences on Indian English poetry. In 2009, The Times called her the mother of novel English Indian poetry. Conversion to IslamShe was born in a conservative Hindu Nair (Nallappattu) family having royal ancestry, After being asked by her lover Sadiq Ali, an Islamic scholar and a Muslim unite MP, she embraced Islam in 1999 at the age of 65 and assumed the name Kamala Surayya. After converting, she wrote Life has changed for me since Nov. 14 when a young man named Sadiq Ali walked in to meet me. He is 38 and has a beautiful smile. Afterwards he began to woo me on the phone from Abu Dhabi and Dubai, reciting Urdu couplets and tattle me of what he would do to me after our marriage. I took my nurse Mini and went to his place in my car.I stayed with him for three days. There was a sunlit river, some trees, and a lot of laughter. He asked me to become a Muslim which I did on my return home. Her conversion was rather controversial, among social and literary circles, with The Hindu calling it part of her histrionics. She said she desire being behind the shelterive veil of the purdah. Later, she felt it was not worth it to change ones religion and said I beastly in love with a Muslim after my husbands death. He was kind and benevolent in the beginning. But I now feel one shouldnt change ones religion. It is not worth it. . PoliticsThough never politically active before, she launched a national political party, Lok Seva Party, aiming establishment to orphaned mothers and promotion of secularism. In 1984 she unsuccessfully contested in the Indian fan tan elections. Personal Life Kamala Das had three sons M D Nalapat, Chinnen Das and Jayasurya Das. Madhav Das Nalapat, the eldest, is married to Princess Lakshmi Bayi (daughter of M. R. Ry. Sri Chembrol Raja Raja Varma Avargal) from the Travancore august House. He holds the UNESCO Peace Chair and professor of geopolitics at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education. He was formerly a resident editor of the Times of India.She had a sexual relationship with Sadiq Ali, an Islamic scholar who was much young in age. She herself describes her visit to Sadiq Alis home as follows I was almost asleep when Sadiq Ali climbed in beside me, holding me, breathing softly, whispering endearments, osculate my face, breasts and when he entered me, it was the first time I had ever experienced what it was like to feel a man from the inside. Womanhood in her Poetry Das uncanny honesty extends to her exploration of womanhood and love. In her poem An accounting entry from Summer in Calcutta, the bank clerk says, I am every/ Woman who seeks love (de Souza 10).Though Amar Dwivedi criticizes Das for this self cut downd and not natural universality, this feeling of oneness permeates her poetry (303). In D as look, womanhood involves certain corporal experiences. Indian women, however, do not discuss these experiences in deference to social mores. Das consistently refuses to accept their serenity. Feelings of longing and loss are not confined to a mystic misery. They are invited into the public athletic field and acknowledged. Das seems to insist they are public and have been felt by women across time.In The Maggots from the collection, The descendants, Das corroborates just how old the sufferings of women are. She frames the pain of lost love with past Hindu myths (de Souza 13). On their last night together, Krishna asks Radha if she is harebrained by his kisses. Radha says, No, not at all, but thought, What is/ It to the corpse if the maggots nip? (de Souza 6-7). Radhas pain is searing, and her silence is given voice by Das. Furthermore, by making a powerful goddess target to such thoughts, it serves as a establishment for ordinary women to have similar feelings. erotism in her PoetryCoupled with her exploration of womens needs is an attention to eroticism. The longing to lose ones self in passionate love is discussed in The flavor Glass from The Descendants. The narrator of the poem urges women to give their man what makes you women (de Souza 15). The things which society suggests are unsporting or taboo are the very things which the women are supposed to give. The musk of sweat between breasts/ The warm shock of menstrual blood should not be hidden from ones beloved. In the narrators eyes, love should be defined by this type of unconditional honesty.A woman should al-Qaeda nude before the glass with him, and allow her lover to see her exactly as she is. Likewise, the woman should appreciate even the accessible details of her lover, such as the jerked meat way he/ Urinates. Even if the woman may have to live Without him someday, the narrator does not seem to favor bridling ones passions to protect ones self. A restrained love seems to be no l ove at all only a total assiduity in love can do justice to this experience. Much like the creators of ancient Tantric art, Das makes no stress to hide the sensuality of the human form her work seems to elebrate its joyous potential while acknowledging its concurrent dangers. Feminism Das in one case said, I always wanted love, and if you dont get it within your home, you stray a little(Warrior interview). Though some might denominate Das as a womens rightist for her candor in dealing with womens needs and desires, Das has never tried to detect herself with any particular version of feminist activism (Raveendran 52). Das views can be characterized as a gut response, a reaction that, like her poetry, is unfettered by others mental pictures of right and wrong.Nonetheless, poet Eunice de Souza claims that Das has mapped out the terrain for post-colonial women in social and linguistic terms. Das has ventured into areas unclaimed by society and provided a point of source for her colleagues. She has transcended the judicature agency of a poet and simply embraced the role of a very honest woman. Death On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in Pune. Her body was flown to her home state of Kerala. She was inhumed at the Palayam Juma Masjid at Thiruvanathapuram with full state honour. trophys and other RecognitionsKamala Das has received many awards for her literary contribution, including Nominated and shortlisted for Nobel revalue in 1984. Asian Poetry lever-1998 Kent select for English Writing from Asian Countries-1999 Asian World Prize-2000 Ezhuthachan Award-2009 Sahitya Academy Award-2003 Vayalar Award2001 Kerala Sahitya Academy Award-2005 Muttathu Varkey Award She was a longtime friend of Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord, who published a memoir of their friendship, The Love Queen of Malabar, in 2010. Kamala Dass Works English 1964 The Sirens (Asian Poetry Prize winner) 965 Summer in Calcutta (poetry Kents Award winner) 1967 The Descendants (poetry) 1973 The Old Playhouse and separate Poems (poetry) 1976 My Story (autobiography) 1977 Alphabet of Lust (novel) 1985 The Anamalai Poems (poetry) 1992 Padmavati the Harlot and Other Stories (collection of short stories) 1996 Only the Soul Knows How to Sing (poetry) 2001 Yaa Allah (collection of poems) 1979 Tonight,This Savage Rite (with Pritish Nandy) 1999 My Mother At cardinal (Poem) Malayalam 1964 Pakshiyude Manam (short stories) 1966 Naricheerukal Parakkumbol (short stories) 968 Thanuppu (short story, Sahitya Academi award) 1982 Ente Katha (autobiography) 1987 Balyakala Smaranakal (Childhood Memories) 1989 Varshangalkku Mumbu (Years Before) 1990 Palayan (novel) 1991 Neypayasam (short story) 1992 Dayarikkurippukal (novel) 1994 Neermathalam Pootha Kalam (novel, Vayalar Award) 1996 Chekkerunna Pakshikal (short stories) 1998 Nashtapetta Neelambari (short stories) 2005 Chandana Marangal (Novel) 2005 Madhavikkuttiyude Unmakkadhakal (short stories)2x 2005 Vandikkalakal (novel) 1999 My Mother At Sixty- six-spot (Poem) Kamala Dass The Sunshine katThey did this to her, the men who know her, the man She loved, who loved her not enough, being selfish And a coward, the husband who uncomplete loved nor Used her, but was a ruthless watcher, and the band Of cynics she turned to, clinging to their chests where natural hair sprouted like great-winged moths, burrowing her fountain into their smells and their young lusts to forget To forget, oh, to forget, and, they said, each of Them, I do not love, I cannot love, it is not In my nature to love, but I can be kind to you. They let her slide from pegs of sanity into A bed made soft with tears, and she lay there weeping,For sleep had lost its use. I shall skeletal system walls with tears, She said, walls to shut me in. Her husband shut her In, every morning, locked her in a room of books With a streak of sunshine lying near the door like A discolor cat to keep her company, but soon Winter came, and one day while l ocking her in, he noticed that the cat of sunshine was only a Line, a half-thin line, and in the evening when He returned to take her out, she was a cold and Half subscriber lineless woman, now of no use at all to men drumhead In the poem The Sunshine Cat, the poetess rants over the disillusionment in her yearning for love.The ones who took payoff of her emotional instability are termed as men in general This so-called society inevitably included her husband too. He turned out to be a mere objective observer without any emotional attachment. Being selfish he did not exhibit the slightest display of love. And, being cowardly he did not refuse to give in sexually to her, for it would mark the relegation of his egohis perspective of masculinity.. He was a relentless onlooker to the point of being insensitive for he watched her encounters with other men like a circus affair.This is why Kamala Das employs the word band. She clinged on to this band of cynics. The word cling is ver y substantial, as one clings out of desperation, as in clinging onto dear life. A cynic is a person who believes that only selfishness motivates human actions. Her live revolved around these self-absorbed pot. Nevertheless, she burrows herself in the chest of these men. Note the word burrow is generally used with bring up to mongooses or rats that dig holes to hide themselves of for security. For the poetess, this was a temporary refuge to render herself secure as long as it lasted.The hair on their chests were like great-winged moths that came like parasites between them. The lovers were younger than herself and told her that they could not love her, but could be kind to her. The word kind is utilized to involve condescension a patronizing attitude on part of these superior lovers. In Girish Karnads Nagamandala, Appanna locks Rani in the house, as he leaves for work. In the case of the poetess in the decreed poem,the husband jails her in a room full of books. However, Kamala D as does not crave for intellectual company, but emotional companionship.She seeks solace in the streak of sunlight below the door. This is her ray of hopeher Sunshine Cat the sunny impulse in her. Nevertheless, as her life approached its winter, her husband notices her while locking her ,one day,that this streak had reduced to a thin line. The evening made him realize that she had mellowed down,partly due to age and partly owing to her despondency. The fire in her (evocative of the Sunshine Cat) had died away. Hence, she was of no use to any man as though the sole purpose of the woman in a mans life is for sexual gratification. A Hot Noon in MalabarThis is a noon of Beggers with whinning Voices, a noon for men who came from hills With parrots in a coop and fortune-cards, All stained with time, for brown Kurava girls With old eyes, who read palm in light singsong Voices, for bangle-sellers who spread On the serene black floor those red and verdancy and blue Bangles, all covered w ith the sprinkle of roads, Miles, grow cracks on the heels, so that when they Clambered up our porch, the noise was grating, Strange This is a noon for strangers who part The window-drapes and peer in, their hot eyes Brimming with the sun, not sightedness a thing in Shadowy live and turn away and lookSo yearningly at the brick-ledged well. This Is a noon for strangers with mistrust in Their eyes, dark, silent ones who rarely speak At all, so that when they speak, their voices Run wild, like jungle-voices. Yes, this is A noon for wild men, wild thoughts, wild love. To Be here, far away, is torture. Wild feet breathing in up the dust, this hot noon, at my plaza in Malabar, and I so far away American Literature Biography of enthalpy David Thoreau (1817-1862) henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817, in take, Massachusetts. He would live the mass of his life in that same township and die there in 1862.His father, a pencil ber named John Thoreau, and mother Cynthia Dunbar Thoreau christened him David enthalpy but always called him Henry. As an adult, Thoreau began to give his name as Henry David but never had it legally changed. The Thoreaus had three other children in addition to Henry Helen, five years older than Henry, John, jr. , two years older, and Sophia, two years younger. In 1821, the family travel to capital of Massachusetts, where they lived until 1823, when they returned to capital of New Hampshire. Thoreau later recalled a visit the family made to Walden Pond from Boston when he was four years old.When he was sixteen, Thoreau entered Harvard College, his grandfathers alma mater. His schooling was paid for by the bills his father made as a pencil manufacturer, combined with contributions from his elder siblings salaries from their dogma jobs. While at college, Thoreau studied Latin and Greek grammar and composition, and took classes in a wide variety of subjects, including mathematics, English, history, philosophy, and four differen t modern languages. He also made great use of the Harvard library holdings before graduating in 1837. After graduating, Thoreau accepted a job as a schoolteacher in Concord.His refusal to beat his students led to his dismissal from the position after only two weeks. That same year, Thoreau began keeping the journal in which he would write for the rest of his life and became friends with Concord residents Ralph Waldo Emerson and William Ellery Channing, and became a follower of transcendental philosophy. Emerson provided a letter of reference for young Thoreau, when he traveled to Maine in search of a teaching position at a private school. Unable to find a job in Maine, Thoreau returned to Concord and opened a school with his brother John.Concord Academy differed from other schools in its lack of corporal punishment and encouragement of learning by doing ? as by scientific experiments and nature walks. The school was successful in attracting students but lasted only three years. Whe n John became sick, Henry trenchant not to continue the school alone. He later worked as a jack of all trades at odd jobs throughout Concord and assisted in the familys pencil manufacture business. During this time, both Henry and John pelt in love with and proposed to a young woman named Ellen Seawall, whose younger brother Edward was a student at their school.Her fathers disapproval of Thoreaus Transcendentalism led her to refuse his proposal. They sent her to pertly York to end the romance, and she there met and married Joseph Osgood, though she remained friends with the Thoreaus throughout her life, maintaining a correspondence with Sophia Thoreau and having Henry as a guest in her home. Thoreau lived at the Emerson house for a time during 1841, working as a handyman. He had a romance with Mary Russell, a young woman who stayed with the Emersons during the summers of 1840 and 1841.He wrote her a love poem in 1841 but never proposed, and she eventually married Marston Watson, a friend of Thoreaus from Harvard. In 1842, Thoreaus brother John became ill with lockjaw, the result of a small untreated wound. John died in Henrys arms, and Henry highly-developed a sympathetic illness, exhibiting some of the symptoms of lockjaw, for several months. The following year, Thoreau made his most extensive break from Concord when he moved in with Emersons brothers family on expressn Island as a tutor for his children, hoping that he could succeed as a writer closer to the New York publishing industry.Upon returning home in December of 1843, Thoreau began to write an account of boat trip he had taken with John in 1839. That book would become A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, have poetry, historical background, and philosophical reflections with the narrative of the trip. Realizing he needed fewer distractions in order to concentrate on his writing, Thoreau decided to change his life by causeing and living in a cabin by the banks of Walden Pond, about a m ile and a half from the center of Concord. On July 4, 1845, the day before the anniversary of his brothers death,Thoreau moved into the cabin he had begun constructing during the spring. He stayed there for two years, sometimes traveling into Concord for supplies and alimentation with his family about once a week. Friends and family also visited him at his cabin, where he spent near every night. In 1846, he made the first of three trips to Maine that would become the basis for a later series of testifys authorise The Maine Woods. It was while Thoreau lived at Walden that he spent a night in the Concord jail that became the basis for the famous evidence now known as civil noncompliance. Thoreau had not paid his poll measure to the town for several years because he opposed the use of town revenues to finance the US war with Mexico and enforcement of thralldom laws. The town constable, when arresting him, offered to pay the revenue himself but Thoreau refused and spent a night in jail. The tax was paid that very night, most likely by Thoreaus aunt mare Thoreau, but Thoreau was not released until the morning. In 1848, Thoreau gave a speech to the Concord Lyceum that would be adapted to be the essay foe to Civil Government, published in 1849.In 1847, Thoreau spent the fall living at the Emerson household, flavor after the family while Emerson was in England. After that, he returned to his parents home where he remained for the rest of his life. The curiosity of Concord residents regarding the reasons for the two years Thoreau spent living in a cabin in the woods led him to give a series of lectures in 1847 about his life at Walden. During this time, he also completed a prelude drafts of both Walden and A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. The last mentioned book was published by James Munroe & Co. n 1848. Thoreau had concord to pay for any copies of the book which were not sold ultimately few were sold, and he lost $275 on the deal. Between 18 47 and 1854, Thoreau continually redrafted and revised Walden. Ticknor and Field published an edition of 2,000 copies in 1854. Reviews were predominantly positive, and 1,700 copies sold during the following year. Though Thoreau attempted to arrange a nation-wide lecture tour, only one urban center made an offer, and Thoreau limited his lectures to the Concord area. besides in 1854, Thoreau gave a speech on Slavery in Massachusetts. Though he was not a member of any abolitionist societies, because he opposed the notion of societies, he was fervently opposed to slavery. cardinal years later, he gave an impassioned defense for Captain John Brown, defending the godliness of Browns violent uprising at Harpers convey and condemning the US regimen for funding slavery. Another speech that year was called The coda Days of John Brown. Both show that Thoreau had proceeded from passive fortress to the institution of slavery to support for armed rebellion as a means of ending the raw institution.During 1851 and 1855, Thoreau suffered bouts of tuberculosis, whose symptoms he felt even as he continued to lecture. Thoreau spent the end of his life concentrating heavily on detailed, scientific naturalistic writing. His Maine journals were published in Atlantic Monthly in 1858. James Russell Lowell, with whom Thoreau had long had a contentious relationship, was the editor of the publication and deleted a sentence from the essays, considering it blasphemous in response, Thoreau refused to speak to him for the rest of his life.Ticknor and palm, the publishers of Walden, purchased the magazine in 1859, and in 1861, James Fields suggested 250-book separate of Walden. He also agreed to republish the unsold copies of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. Thoreau had become quite ill with tuberculosis in 1861. On April 12, Fields visited Thoreau in Concord to take hold of the unsold copies of his book for republication. A year later, on May 6, 1862, Thoreau died a t the age of 44. A month later, the reprintings of his two books were in conclusion published.Essays published about Thoreau after his death, written by Lowell and Emerson, emphasized Thoreaus ascetic, Spartan qualities without giving adequate weight to his philosophical contributions. Thus, Thoreau was not well-appreciated during the nineteenth-century and was often seen as a lesser imitator of Emerson. Only beginning in the 1890s, after critical evaluation of his writings, did Thoreau come to be appreciated for his literary merit. In the twentieth-century, he has come to be seen as one of he most significant nineteenth-century American writers. Civil Disobedience Summary Thoreau opens his essay with the motto That government is better(p) which governs least. His distrust of government stems from the tendency of the last mentioned to be perverted and abused before the people can actually express their will through it. A case in point is the Mexican war (1846-1848, which extende d slavery into new US territories), orchestrated by a small elite of psyches who have manipulated government to their good against popular will.Government inherently lends itself to oppressive and corrupt uses since it enables a few men to impose their honorable will on the majority and to profit economically from their own position of authority. Thoreau views government as a central hindrance to the creative enterprise of the people it purports to represent. He cites as a blush example the regulation of trade and commerce, and its prejudicial effect on the forces of the free market. A man has an obligation to act gibe to the dictates of his conscience, even if the latter goes against majority opinion, the presiding leadership, or the laws of society.In cases where the government supports inequitable or immoral laws, Thoreaus notion of service to ones country paradoxically takes the form of resistance against it. Resistance is the highest form of patriotism because it demon strates a desire not to subvert government but to build a better one in the long term. Along these lines, Thoreau does not advise a wholesale rejection of government, but resistance to those specific features deemed to be below the belt or immoral. In the American tradition, men have a recognized and cherished right of revolution, from which Thoreau derives the concept of civil noncompliance.A man disgraces himself by associating with a government that treats even some of its citizens unjustly, even if he is not the direct victim of its injustice. Thoreau takes issue with William Paley, an English theologian and philosopher, who argues that any movement of resistance to government must balance the enormity of the injustice to be redressed and the probability and expense of redressing it. It may not be convenient to resist, and the face-to-face costs may be greater than the injustice to be remedied however, Thoreau firmly asserts the primacy of individual conscience over collec tive pragmatism.Thoreau turns to the issue of effecting change through democratic means. The position of the majority, however legitimate in the linguistic context of a democracy, is not tantamount to a moral position. Thoreau believes that the real obstacle to enlighten lies with those who disapprove of the measures of government while tacitly lending it their practical subjection. At the very least, if an unjust government is not to be directly resisted, a man of true conviction should cease to lend it his indirect support in the form of taxes.Thoreau acknowledges that it is realistically impossible to deprive the government of tax dollars for the specific policies that one wishes to oppose. Still, complete defrayal of his taxes would be tantamount to expressing complete allegiance to the assign. Thoreau calls on his fellow citizens to withdraw their support from the government of Massachusetts and risk being thrown in prison for their resistance. labored to keep all men in prison or abolish slavery, the accede would quickly exhaust its resources and choose the latter course of action.For Thoreau, out of these acts of conscience flow a mans real manhood and immortality. notes is a generally corrupting force because it binds men to the institutions and the government responsible for unjust practices and policies, such as the enslavement of black Americans and the pursuit of war with Mexico. Thoreau sees a paradoxically inverse relationship between coin and freedom. The poor man has the greatest intimacy to resist because he depends the least on the government for his own welfare and protection. After refusing to pay the poll tax for six years, Thoreau is thrown into jail for one night.While in prison, Thoreau realizes that the only advantage of the postulate is superior physical strength. Otherwise, it is completely devoid of moral or intellectual authority, and even with its inhumane force, cannot compel him to think a certain way. Why submit o ther people to ones own moral standard? Thoreau meditates at length on this question. While seeing his neighbors as essentially well-intentioned and in some respects undeserving of any moral contempt for their apparent tranquillity to the States injustice, Thoreau nonetheless concludes that he has a human relation to his neighbors, and through them, millions of other men.He does not expect his neighbors to conform to his own beliefs, nor does he endeavor to change the nature of men. On the other hand, he refuses to tolerate the status quo. Despite his stance of civil noncompliance on the questions of slavery and the Mexican war, Thoreau claims to have great respect and admiration for the ideals of American government and its institutions. Thoreau goes so far as to state that his first instinct has always been conformity.Statesmen, legislators, politiciansin short, any part of the machinery of state bureaucracyare unable to inventory the government that lends them their authority. Thoreau values their contributions to society, their pragmatism and their diplomacy, but feels that only someone outside of government can speak the Truth about it. The purest sources of truth are, in Thoreaus view, the Constitution and the Bible. Not surprisingly, Thoreau holds in low esteem the entire political class, which he considers incapable of formulate the most basic forms of legislation.In his last paragraph, Thoreau comes full circle to discussing the authority and reach of government, which derives from the kisser and consent of the governed. Democracy is not the last step in the evolution of government, as there is still greater room for the State to recognize the freedom and rights of the individual. Thoreau concludes on an utopic note, saying such a State is one he has imagined but not yet anywhere seen. Civil Disobedience Themes The right to resistance Thoreau affirms the absolute right of individuals to withdraw their support rom a government whose policies are immoral or unjust. He takes issue with the brand of moral philosophy that weighs the possible consequences of civil disobedience against the seriousness of the injustice. The methods of resistance Thoreau condones in his essay are pacifist and rely generally on economic pressure for example, keep back taxes in order to drain the State of its resources and hence its ability to continue its unjust policies. The ultimate goal of civil disobedience is not to undermine democracy but to reinforce its core values of closeness and respect for the individual.Individual conscience and morality Only an individual can have and mold a conscience. By definition, both the State and corporations are impersonal, amoral entities that are nonetheless composed of individuals. It has been truly said, that a corporation has no